PMID 23558164 Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses Meta-analysis · BMJ, 2013 WHO-commissioned analysis - higher potassium cut systolic pressure by 3.49 mmHg in people with hypertension and was tied to 24% lower stroke risk, with no effect in those without hypertension.
Key summary
A systematic review and meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of potassium intake and health led by the WHO's nutrition policy and scientific advice unit, pooling 22 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (1,606 participants) and 11 cohort studies (127,038 participants). Increased potassium intake reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.49 mmHg and diastolic by 1.96 mmHg in adults, an effect seen in people with hypertension but not in those without. At 90 to 120 mmol a day the systolic reduction was 7.16 mmHg, with no dose response. There was no adverse effect on blood lipids, catecholamines, or renal function. Potassium intake was inversely and significantly associated with incident stroke (risk ratio 0.76), while associations with cardiovascular disease (0.88) and coronary heart diseaseDisease caused by narrowing of the arteries that supply the heart. (0.96) were not significant. In children the systolic reduction was a non-significant 0.28 mmHg.
Show original abstract
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analyses to fill the gaps in knowledge on potassium intake and health. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature Database, and the reference lists of previous reviews. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies reporting the effects of potassium intake on blood pressure, renal function, blood lipids, catecholamine concentrations, all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Potential studies were independently screened in duplicate, and their characteristics and outcomes were extracted. When possible, meta-analysis was done to estimate the effects (mean difference or risk ratio with 95% confidence interval) of higher potassium intake by using the inverse variance method and a random effect model. RESULTS: 22 randomised controlled trials (including 1606 participants) reporting blood pressure, blood lipids, catecholamine concentrations, and renal function and 11 cohort studies (127,038 participants) reporting all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, or coronary heart disease in adults were included in the meta-analyses. Increased potassium intake reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.49 (95% confidence interval 1.82 to 5.15) mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.96 (0.86 to 3.06) mm Hg in adults, an effect seen in people with hypertension but not in those without hypertension. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by 7.16 (1.91 to 12.41) mm Hg when the higher potassium intake was 90-120 mmol/day, without any dose response. Increased potassium intake had no significant adverse effect on renal function, blood lipids, or catecholamine concentrations in adults. An inverse statistically significant association was seen between potassium intake and risk of incident stroke (risk ratio 0.76, 0.66 to 0.89). Associations between potassium intake and incident cardiovascular disease (risk ratio 0.88, 0.70 to 1.11) or coronary heart disease (0.96, 0.78 to 1.19) were not statistically significant. In children, three controlled trials and one cohort study suggested that increased potassium intake reduced systolic blood pressure by a non-significant 0.28 (-0.49 to 1.05) mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: High quality evidence shows that increased potassium intake reduces blood pressure in people with hypertension and has no adverse effect on blood lipid concentrations, catecholamine concentrations, or renal function in adults. Higher potassium intake was associated with a 24% lower risk of stroke (moderate quality evidence). These results suggest that increased potassium intake is potentially beneficial to most people without impaired renal handling of potassium for the prevention and control of elevated blood pressure and stroke. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 28419159 Oral potassium supplementation for management of essential hypertension: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Meta-analysis · PLoS One, 2017 23 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s in 1,213 people with primary hypertension - potassium supplementation cut systolic by 4.25 mmHg and diastolic by 2.53 mmHg, an adjuvant-sized effect.
Key summary
A meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of oral potassium supplementation for blood pressure in people with primary hypertension, restricted to randomized placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline.-controlled trials of at least four weeks and pooling 23 trials with 1,213 participants. Compared with placebo, potassium supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure by 4.25 mmHg (95% CI -5.96 to -2.53) and diastolic by 2.53 mmHg (-4.05 to -1.02). In a change-score analysis based on 8 of the 23 trials, reductions from baseline were larger in the intervention group at 8.89 mmHg systolic and 6.42 mmHg diastolic. The authors concluded that potassium supplementation is safe with no important adverse effects, has a modest but significant impact on blood pressure, and may be recommended as an adjuvant antihypertensive agent.
Show original abstract
IMPORTANCE: Increased dietary potassium intake is thought to be associated with low blood pressure (BP). Whether potassium supplementation may be used as an antihypertensive agent is a question that should be answered. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of oral potassium supplementation on blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension. SEARCH METHODS: We searched Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until October 2016. We also screened reference lists of articles and previous reviews. We applied no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials addressing the effect of potassium supplementation on primary hypertension for a minimum of 4 weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data on systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) at the final follow-up. We explored the heterogeneity across studies using Cochran's test and I2 statistic and assessed the probability of publication bias using Begg's and Egger's tests. We reported the mean difference (MD) of SBP and DBP in a random-effects model. RESULTS: We found a total of 9059 articles and included 23 trials with 1213 participants. Compared to placebo, potassium supplementation resulted in modest but significant reductions in both SBP (MD -4.25 mmHg; 95% CI: -5.96 to -2.53; I2 = 41%) and DBP (MD -2.53 mmHg; 95% CI: -4.05 to -1.02; I2 = 65%). According to the change-score analysis, based on 8 out of 23 trials, compared to baseline, the mean changes in SBP (MD -8.89 mmHg; 95% CI: -13.67 to -4.11) and DBP (MD -6.42 mmHg; 95% CI: -10.99 to -1.84) was significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that potassium supplementation is a safe medication with no important adverse effects that has a modest but significant impact BP and may be recommended as an adjuvant antihypertensive agent for patients with essential hypertension. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 34459569 Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death RCT · N Engl J Med, 2021 600 rural Chinese villages, 20,995 people, 4.74 years - the 25% potassium salt substitute gave rate ratios of 0.86 for stroke, 0.87 for major cardiovascular events, and 0.88 for death.
Key summary
An open-label, cluster-randomized trial (SSaSS) across 600 rural Chinese villages assigned 1:1, with the intervention group using a salt substitute of 75 percent sodium chloride and 25 percent potassium chloride by mass and the control group continuing regular salt. The 20,995 participants had a history of stroke or were 60 or older with high blood pressure, with a mean age of 65.4, 49.5 percent female, 72.6 percent with prior stroke, and 88.4 percent with hypertension. Over a mean 4.74 years, stroke occurred at 29.14 versus 33.65 per 1000 person-years (rate ratio 0.86, P=0.006), major cardiovascular events at 49.09 versus 56.29 (0.87, P<0.001), and death at 39.28 versus 44.61 (0.88, P<0.001), all lower with the substitute. Serious adverse events attributed to hyperkalemia were 3.35 versus 3.30 per 1000 person-years, not significantly different.
Show original abstract
BACKGROUND: Salt substitutes with reduced sodium levels and increased potassium levels have been shown to lower blood pressure, but their effects on cardiovascular and safety outcomes are uncertain. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, cluster-randomized trial involving persons from 600 villages in rural China. The participants had a history of stroke or were 60 years of age or older and had high blood pressure. The villages were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention group, in which the participants used a salt substitute (75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride by mass), or to the control group, in which the participants continued to use regular salt (100% sodium chloride). The primary outcome was stroke, the secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events and death from any cause, and the safety outcome was clinical hyperkalemia. RESULTS: A total of 20,995 persons were enrolled in the trial. The mean age of the participants was 65.4 years, and 49.5% were female, 72.6% had a history of stroke, and 88.4% a history of hypertension. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.74 years. The rate of stroke was lower with the salt substitute than with regular salt (29.14 events vs. 33.65 events per 1000 person-years; rate ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77 to 0.96; P = 0.006), as were the rates of major cardiovascular events (49.09 events vs. 56.29 events per 1000 person-years; rate ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.94; P<0.001) and death (39.28 events vs. 44.61 events per 1000 person-years; rate ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.95; P<0.001). The rate of serious adverse events attributed to hyperkalemia was not significantly higher with the salt substitute than with regular salt (3.35 events vs. 3.30 events per 1000 person-years; rate ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.37; P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Among persons who had a history of stroke or were 60 years of age or older and had high blood pressure, the rates of stroke, major cardiovascular events, and death from any cause were lower with the salt substitute than with regular salt. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; SSaSS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02092090.). ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 35944931 Replacing salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women Meta-analysis (Cochrane) · Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2022 26 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s, 34,961 adults - low-sodium salt substitutes slightly reduce blood pressure, non-fatal cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular mortality, but all 26 trials excluded at-risk people.
Key summary
A CochraneAn international network that rigorously reviews and synthesizes evidence. review of replacing regular salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS). It included 26 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (16 individually randomized, 10 cluster randomized) covering 34,961 adults and 92 children, with no studies in pregnant women. In adults, LSSS reduced diastolic blood pressure by 2.43 mmHg and systolic by 4.76 mmHg (moderate certainty), slightly reduced non-fatal stroke, non-fatal acute coronary syndrome, and cardiovascular mortality (moderate certainty), and raised blood potassium by 0.12 mmol/L (moderate certainty). Effects on incident hypertension and hyperkalaemia were little to none. All 26 trials specifically excluded participants in whom increased potassium is known to be potentially harmful, and the authors noted that limited evidence for adults without elevated blood pressure, pregnant women, and at-risk groups constrains conclusions about safety in the general population. The evidence on blood pressure in children was very uncertain.
Show original abstract
BACKGROUND: Elevated blood pressure, or hypertension, is the leading cause of preventable deaths globally. Diets high in sodium (predominantly sodium chloride) and low in potassium contribute to elevated blood pressure. The WHO recommends decreasing mean population sodium intake through effective and safe strategies to reduce hypertension and its associated disease burden. Incorporating low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) into population strategies has increasingly been recognised as a possible sodium reduction strategy, particularly in populations where a substantial proportion of overall sodium intake comes from discretionary salt. The LSSS contain lower concentrations of sodium through its displacement with potassium predominantly, or other minerals. Potassium-containing LSSS can potentially simultaneously decrease sodium intake and increase potassium intake. Benefits of LSSS include their potential blood pressure-lowering effect and relatively low cost. However, there are concerns about potential adverse effects of LSSS, such as hyperkalaemia, particularly in people at risk, for example, those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or taking medications that impair potassium excretion. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects and safety of replacing salt with LSSS to reduce sodium intake on cardiovascular health in adults, pregnant women and children. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL, EBSCOhost), ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) up to 18 August 2021, and screened reference lists of included trials and relevant systematic reviews. No language or publication restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective analytical cohort studies in participants of any age in the general population, from any setting in any country. This included participants with non-communicable diseases and those taking medications that impair potassium excretion. Studies had to compare any type and method of implementation of LSSS with the use of regular salt, or no active intervention, at an individual, household or community level, for any duration. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles to determine eligibility; and extracted data, assessed risk of bias (RoB) using the Cochrane RoB tool, and assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. We stratified analyses by adults, children (≤ 18 years) and pregnant women. Primary effectiveness outcomes were change in diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP and SBP), hypertension and blood pressure control; cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality were additionally assessed as primary effectiveness outcomes in adults. Primary safety outcomes were change in blood potassium, hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. MAIN RESULTS: We included 26 RCTs, 16 randomising individual participants and 10 randomising clusters (families, households or villages). A total of 34,961 adult participants and 92 children were randomised to either LSSS or regular salt, with the smallest trial including 10 and the largest including 20,995 participants. No studies in pregnant women were identified. Studies included only participants with hypertension (11/26), normal blood pressure (1/26), pre-hypertension (1/26), or participants with and without hypertension (11/26). This was unknown in the remaining studies. The largest study included only participants with an elevated risk of stroke at baseline. Seven studies included adult participants possibly at risk of hyperkalaemia. All 26 trials specifically excluded participants in whom an increased potassium intake is known to be potentially harmful. The majority of trials were conducted in rural or suburban settings, with more than half (14/26) conducted in low- and middle-income countries. The proportion of sodium chloride replacement in the LSSS interventions varied from approximately 3% to 77%. The majority of trials (23/26) investigated LSSS where potassium-containing salts were used to substitute sodium. In most trials, LSSS implementation was discretionary (22/26). Trial duration ranged from two months to nearly five years. We assessed the overall risk of bias as high in six trials and unclear in 12 trials. LSSS compared to regular salt in adults: LSSS compared to regular salt probably reduce DBP on average (mean difference (MD) -2.43 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.50 to -1.36; 20,830 participants, 19 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence) and SBP (MD -4.76 mmHg, 95% CI -6.01 to -3.50; 21,414 participants, 20 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence) slightly. On average, LSSS probably reduce non-fatal stroke (absolute effect (AE) 20 fewer/100,000 person-years, 95% CI -40 to 2; 21,250 participants, 3 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence), non-fatal acute coronary syndrome (AE 150 fewer/100,000 person-years, 95% CI -250 to -30; 20,995 participants, 1 RCT, moderate-certainty evidence) and cardiovascular mortality (AE 180 fewer/100,000 person-years, 95% CI -310 to 0; 23,200 participants, 3 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence) slightly, and probably increase blood potassium slightly (MD 0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.18; 784 participants, 6 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence), compared to regular salt. LSSS may result in little to no difference, on average, in hypertension (AE 17 fewer/1000, 95% CI -58 to 17; 2566 participants, 1 RCT, low-certainty evidence) and hyperkalaemia (AE 4 more/100,000, 95% CI -47 to 121; 22,849 participants, 5 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence) compared to regular salt. The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of LSSS on blood pressure control, various cardiovascular events, stroke mortality, hypokalaemia, and other adverse events (very-low certainty evidence). LSSS compared to regular salt in children: The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of LSSS on DBP and SBP in children. We found no evidence about the effects of LSSS on hypertension, blood pressure control, blood potassium, hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia in children. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: When compared to regular salt, LSSS probably reduce blood pressure, non-fatal cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality slightly in adults. However, LSSS also probably increase blood potassium slightly in adults. These small effects may be important when LSSS interventions are implemented at the population level. Evidence is limited for adults without elevated blood pressure, and there is a lack of evidence in pregnant women and people in whom an increased potassium intake is known to be potentially harmful, limiting conclusions on the safety of LSSS in the general population. We also cannot draw firm conclusions about effects of non-discretionary LSSS implementations. The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of LSSS on blood pressure in children. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 32500831 Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Meta-analysis · J Am Heart Assoc, 2020 Dose-response across 32 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s - a U-shape: the effect weakens above 30 mmol/day and blood pressure rises above about 80 mmol/day.
Key summary
A dose-response meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. using a one-stage cubic spline regression, including 32 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s of at least four weeks, mostly crossover designs in adults with hypertension at supplementation doses of 30 to 140 mmol a day. A U-shaped relationship appeared between the active-versus-control difference in 24-hour potassium excretion and blood pressure, with the reduction weakening above differences of 30 mmol a day and blood pressure rising above roughly 80 mmol a day. An analysis based on achieved excretion showed the same U-shape. Blood pressure lowering was stronger in participants with hypertension and at higher sodium intakes, and the rise at high excretion was seen only in those on antihypertensive drug treatment. The authors cautioned that estimates at high intakes should be read carefully given the limited number of trials.
Show original abstract
Background Epidemiologic studies, including trials, suggest an association between potassium intake and blood pressure (BP). However, the strength and shape of this relationship is uncertain. Methods and Results We performed a meta-analysis to explore the dose-response relationship between potassium supplementation and BP in randomized-controlled trials with a duration ≥4 weeks using the recently developed 1-stage cubic spline regression model. This model allows use of trials with at least 2 exposure categories. We identified 32 eligible trials. Most were conducted in adults with hypertension using a crossover design and potassium supplementation doses that ranged from 30 to 140 mmol/d. We observed a U-shaped relationship between 24-hour active and control arm differences in potassium excretion and BP levels, with weakening of the BP reduction effect above differences of 30 mmol/d and a BP increase above differences ≈80 mmol/d. Achieved potassium excretion analysis also identified a U-shaped relationship. The BP-lowering effects of potassium supplementation were stronger in participants with hypertension and at higher levels of sodium intake. The BP increase with high potassium excretion was noted in participants with antihypertensive drug-treated hypertension but not in their untreated counterparts. Conclusions We identified a nonlinear relationship between potassium intake and both systolic and diastolic BP, although estimates for BP effects of high potassium intakes should be interpreted with caution because of limited availability of trials. Our findings indicate an adequate intake of potassium is desirable to achieve a lower BP level but suggest excessive potassium supplementation should be avoided, particularly in specific subgroups. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 31838902 Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes as a Means to Lower Blood Pressure: Benefits and Risks Review · Hypertension, 2020 Salt substitutes lower systolic pressure by 5.58 mmHg but carry hyperkalemia, arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death risk - especially in chronic kidney disease.
Key summary
A review of the benefits and risks of salt substitutes containing potassium chloride. The expected benefit is a population-level reduction in sodium intake through reformulation of manufactured foods or replacement of salt in home cooking and at the table. Empirically, replacing sodium chloride with potassium-enriched substitutes lowered systolic blood pressure by an average of 5.58 mmHg and diastolic by 2.88 mmHg. On the risk side are hyperkalemia and its principal consequences, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, especially in people with conditions that impair potassium excretion such as chronic kidney disease. The authors note that evidence on how substitutes affect the actual occurrence of hyperkalemia remains insufficient and that more empirical research is needed on dietary potassium, serum potassium, and hyperkalemia risk.
Show original abstract
Use of salt substitutes containing potassium chloride is a potential strategy to reduce sodium intake, increase potassium intake, and thereby lower blood pressure and prevent the adverse consequences of high blood pressure. In this review, we describe the rationale for using potassium-enriched salt substitutes, summarize current evidence on the benefits and risks of potassium-enriched salt substitutes and discuss the implications of using potassium-enriched salt substitutes as a strategy to lower blood pressure. A benefit of salt substitutes that contain potassium chloride is the expected reduction in dietary sodium intake at the population level because of reformulation of manufactured foods or replacement of sodium chloride added to food during home cooking or at the dining table. There is empirical evidence that replacement of sodium chloride with potassium-enriched salt substitutes lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure (average net Δ [95% CI] in mm Hg: -5.58 [-7.08 to -4.09] and -2.88 [-3.93 to -1.83], respectively). The risks of potassium-enriched salt substitutes include a possible increased risk of hyperkalemia and its principal adverse consequences: arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, especially in people with conditions that impair potassium excretion such as chronic kidney disease. There is insufficient evidence regarding the effects of potassium-enriched salt substitutes on the occurrence of hyperkalemia. There is a need for additional empirical research on the effect of increasing dietary potassium and potassium-enriched salt substitutes on serum potassium levels and the risk of hyperkalemia, as well as for robust estimation of the population-wide impact of replacing sodium chloride with potassium-enriched salt substitutes. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 38284271 Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes: A Review of Recommendations in Clinical Management Guidelines Guideline review · Hypertension, 2024 32 hypertension and 14 kidney guidelines reviewed - recommendations are inconsistent, and the proposed wording explicitly carves out advanced kidney disease, potassium-sparing diuretics, and other contraindications.
Key summary
A systematic look at how recommendations on potassium-enriched salt substitutes have been incorporated into clinical guidelines. Excess sodium and insufficient potassium are both established hypertension risk factors, yet dietary interventions have largely failed because the required changes are hard to implement. Recent randomized trials consistently show potassium-enriched, sodium-reduced salt substitutes to be an effective option for improving intake and reducing blood pressure and cardiovascular events and deaths. Reviewing 32 hypertension and 14 kidney guidelines, the authors found recommendations incomplete and inconsistent. As draft wording to start building consensus, they proposed a strong recommendation that potassium-enriched salt at 75 percent sodium chloride and 25 percent potassium chloride be recommended to all patients with hypertension, unless they have advanced kidney disease, are using a potassium supplement, are using a potassium-sparing diuretic, or have another contraindication.
Show original abstract
Excess dietary sodium intake and insufficient dietary potassium intake are both well-established risk factors for hypertension. Despite some successful initiatives, efforts to control hypertension by improving dietary intake have largely failed because the changes required are mostly too hard to implement. Consistent recent data from randomized controlled trials show that potassium-enriched, sodium-reduced salt substitutes are an effective option for improving consumption levels and reducing blood pressure and the rates of cardiovascular events and deaths. Yet, salt substitutes are inconsistently recommended and rarely used. We sought to define the extent to which evidence about the likely benefits and harms of potassium-enriched salt substitutes has been incorporated into clinical management by systematically searching guidelines for the management of hypertension or chronic kidney disease. We found incomplete and inconsistent recommendations about the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes in the 32 hypertension and 14 kidney guidelines that we reviewed. Discussion among the authors identified the possibility of updating clinical guidelines to provide consistent advice about the use of potassium-enriched salt for hypertension control. Draft wording was chosen to commence debate and progress consensus building: strong recommendation for patients with hypertension-potassium-enriched salt with a composition of 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride should be recommended to all patients with hypertension, unless they have advanced kidney disease, are using a potassium supplement, are using a potassium-sparing diuretic, or have another contraindication. We strongly encourage clinical guideline bodies to review their recommendations about the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes at the earliest opportunity. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Avocado, Hass, peeled, raw (FDC 2710824)
This is a nutrient-data source (USDA FoodData Central). Verify directly in the original below.
View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Potatoes, baked, flesh and skin, without salt (FDC 170093)
This is a nutrient-data source (USDA FoodData Central). Verify directly in the original below.
View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Soybeans, mature cooked, boiled, without salt (FDC 174271)
This is a nutrient-data source (USDA FoodData Central). Verify directly in the original below.
View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Sweet potato, cooked, baked in skin, flesh, without salt (FDC 168483)
This is a nutrient-data source (USDA FoodData Central). Verify directly in the original below.
View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Spinach, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt (FDC 168463)
This is a nutrient-data source (USDA FoodData Central). Verify directly in the original below.
View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Bananas, raw (FDC 173944)
This is a nutrient-data source (USDA FoodData Central). Verify directly in the original below.
View original ↗ 