PMID 42286933 Magnesium-Rich Mineral Water Improves Stool Consistency and Bowel Habits in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2026. Magnesium-rich mineral water improved stool form and bowel-movement frequency in healthy adults compared with placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. (soft water).
Key summary
Purpose: To assess how magnesium-rich mineral water affects stool form and bowel habits in healthy adults. Methods: A single-center, randomized, parallel-group trial in which 40 participants drank either soft water or magnesium-rich mineral water (1 L/day) for 14 days; the primary endpoint was the change in weekly mean Bristol Stool Form Scale score. Results: The magnesium mineral-water group had higher Bristol scores at weeks 1 and 2, more frequent spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) and complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM) than the soft-water group, and more frequent subjective improvement, with no difference in fluid intake. Conclusion: In healthy people, magnesium mineral water softened stool and increased bowel-movement frequency, with no safety concerns.
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INTRODUCTION: Magnesium-rich mineral water influences stool consistency and bowel habits. However, randomized controlled trials directly comparing magnesium-rich mineral water with soft water using standardized bowel outcomes remain limited. METHODS: This single-center, randomized, parallel-group trial enrolled 40 healthy subjects who did not meet Rome IV criteria for chronic constipation or irritable bowel syndrome. After a 7-day observation period, participants consumed either soft water or magnesium-rich mineral water (1 L/day) for 14 days. The primary endpoint was change in weekly mean Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) score from baseline to intervention week 2, analyzed using analysis of covariance. Secondary endpoints included spontaneous bowel movements (SBM; bowel movements without rescue medication), complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM; SBM with a sensation of complete evacuation), subjective global improvement, time to first SBM, and daily total fluid intake. KEY RESULTS: All participants completed the trial. Compared with soft water, magnesium-rich mineral water significantly increased BSFS score at week 1 and week 2 (both p < 0.05). Weekly frequencies of SBM and CSBM were higher in the magnesium-rich mineral water group. Subjective improvement at week 2 was more frequent with magnesium-rich mineral water. Compared with the observation period, no difference in water intake was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: In healthy subjects, magnesium-rich mineral water was associated with stool softening and increased bowel movement frequency. No safety concerns were observed during the study period. These findings support further investigation of magnesium-rich mineral water as a strategy for modulating bowel habits. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40856829 Sennosides vs magnesium hydroxide vs polyethylene glycol as a treatment for constipation in anorectal malformation: a randomized crossover trial. Pediatr Surg Int, 2025. In constipation from anorectal malformation, magnesium hydroxide showed no difference in efficacy from sennosides or PEGPolyethylene glycol - an osmotic laxative widely used for constipation. (small study).
Key summary
Purpose: To compare the efficacy and user preference of sennosides, magnesium hydroxide, and PEGPolyethylene glycol - an osmotic laxative widely used for constipation. for constipation in patients with anorectal malformation (ARM). Methods: A randomized crossover trial in which 15 patients received all three laxatives in random order for 21 days each. Results: Post-treatment fecal-loading (Leech) scores did not differ significantly among the three groups (sennosides 6.67, Mg(OH)2 6.80, PEG 5.80; p=0.841), nor did the rate of clean bowel clearance. Conclusion: In this small trial there was no statistically significant difference in efficacy or preference among the three laxatives (with PEG trending somewhat better at clearing retained stool).
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PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and user preference of Sennosides, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in treating constipation in ARM patients. METHODS: A randomized crossover trial was conducted from January 2018 to December 2019. Fifteen patients with surgically corrected ARM and diagnosed constipation were enrolled. Each patient received all three laxatives in a random order for 21-day periods, separated by washout periods. The primary outcome was post-treatment fecal loading assessed by Leech score on abdominal radiography. Secondary outcomes included the rate of clean fecal loading (Leech score ≤ 6) and user preference scores. RESULTS: The mean post-treatment Leech scores were 6.67 ± 2.09 for Sennosides, 6.80 ± 2.37 for Mg(OH)2, and 5.80 ± 2.04 for PEG(p = 0.841). Clean fecal loading was achieved in 40% of cases with Sennosides, 46.67% with Mg(OH)2, and 60% with PEG(p = 0.655). User preference scores favored Sennosides (7.00 ± 2.36) over Mg(OH)2 (6.33 ± 2.94) and PEG (5.06 ± 2.28) with p = 0.582. No significant differences in treatment, period, or sequence effects were found, with the exception of a decrease in preference for Mg(OH)2 compared with Sennosides in the third treatment period (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: While PEG showed a trend towards better fecal clearance and Sennosides was preferred by users, no statistically significant differences in efficacy or user preference were found among the three laxatives. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 38452708 Pharmacological prevention and treatment of opioid-induced constipation in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev, 2024. For preventing opioid-induced constipation in cancer patients, magnesium oxide is likely effective (though direct comparison with standard laxatives is lacking).
Key summary
Purpose: To summarize the drug evidence for preventing and treating opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in cancer patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 20 trials. Results: For prevention, one cohort study found a significant benefit of magnesium oxide over no laxative and one RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. found naldemedine superior to magnesium oxide; clear ranking among laxatives was limited. Conclusion: Magnesium oxide and naldemedine are most likely effective for OIC prevention, but they have not been directly compared with standard (osmotic and stimulant) laxatives, so more research is needed before clinical recommendations can be made.
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BACKGROUND: Cancer-related pain often requires opioid treatment with opioid-induced constipation (OIC) as its most frequent gastrointestinal side-effect. Both for prevention and treatment of OIC osmotic (e.g. polyethylene glycol) and stimulant (e.g. bisacodyl) laxatives are widely used. Newer drugs such as the peripherally acting µ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) and naloxone in a fixed combination with oxycodone have become available for the management of OIC. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to give an overview of the scientific evidence on pharmacological strategies for the prevention and treatment of OIC in cancer patients. METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library was completed from inception up to 22 October 2022. Randomized and non-randomized studies were systematically selected. Bowel function and adverse drug events were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty trials (prevention: five RCTs and three cohort studies; treatment: ten RCTs and two comparative cohort studies) were included in the review. Regarding the prevention of OIC, three RCTs compared laxatives with other laxatives, finding no clear differences in effectivity of the laxatives used. One cohort study showed a significant benefit of magnesium oxide compared with no laxative. One RCT found a significant benefit for the PAMORA naldemedine compared with magnesium oxide. Preventive use of oxycodone/naloxone did not show a significant difference in two out of three other studies compared to oxycodone or fentanyl. A meta-analysis was not possible. Regarding the treatment of OIC, two RCTs compared laxatives, of which one RCT found that polyethylene glycol was significantly more effective than sennosides. Seven studies compared an opioid antagonist (naloxone, methylnaltrexone or naldemedine) with placebo and three studies compared different dosages of opioid antagonists. These studies with opioid antagonists were used for the meta-analysis. Oxycodone/naloxone showed a significant improvement in Bowel Function Index compared to oxycodone with laxatives (MD -13.68; 95 % CI -18.38 to -8.98; I2 = 58 %). Adverse drug event rates were similar amongst both groups, except for nausea in favour of oxycodone/naloxone (RR 0.51; 95 % CI 0.31-0.83; I2 = 0 %). Naldemedine (NAL) and methylnaltrexone (MNTX) demonstrated significantly higher response rates compared to placebo (NAL: RR 2.07, 95 % CI 1.64-2.61, I2 = 0 %; MNTX: RR 3.83, 95 % CI 2.81-5.22, I2 = 0 %). With regard to adverse events, abdominal pain was more present in treatment with methylnaltrexone and diarrhea was significantly more present in treatment with naldemedine. Different dosages of methylnaltrexone were not significantly different with regard to both efficacy and adverse drug event rates. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium oxide and naldemedine are most likely effective for prevention of OIC in cancer patients. Naloxone in a fixed combination with oxycodone, naldemedine and methylnaltrexone effectively treat OIC in cancer patients with acceptable adverse events. However, their effect has not been compared to standard (osmotic and stimulant) laxatives. More studies comparing standard laxatives with each other and with opioid antagonists are necessary before recommendations for clinical practice can be made. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 39404918 Effects of selected dietary supplements on migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurol Sci, 2025. Meta-analysis of 22 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s: magnesium supplementation reduced migraine attack frequency, intensity, and monthly migraine days.
Key summary
Purpose: To quantitatively synthesize the migraine-prevention effects of dietary supplements. Methods: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 22 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s, with certainty of evidence rated using GRADEAn international standard for rating the certainty of evidence from high to very low.. Results: Compared with controls, magnesium supplementation reduced attack frequency (MD −2.51), intensity (MD −0.88), and monthly migraine days (MD −1.66); CoQ10, riboflavin, and vitamin D also showed some effect, while omega-3 produced no significant reduction. Conclusion: Several dietary supplements produced significant reductions for migraine prevention, and high-quality follow-up trials would be beneficial.
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BACKGROUND: The existing evidence on the effect of dietary supplements for preventing migraines has generated conflicting results. METHODS: We assessed alterations in migraine clinical features corresponding to the intake of dietary supplements. Our main outcomes included the frequency (number of attacks), duration (in hours), the severity (intensity) and the monthly migraine days. Using a dose-response meta-analysis, we estimated the dose-dependent impact. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE tool. RESULTS: Finally, twenty-two trials were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Magnesium supplementation reduced migraine attacks (mean difference (MD) = -2.51), severity (MD = -0.88), and the monthly migraine days (MD = -1.66) compared with the control group. CoQ10 decreased the frequency (MD = -1.73), severity (MD = -1.35), and duration of migraine (MD = -1.72). Riboflavin decreased attack frequency (MD = -1.34). Alpha-lipoic acid decreased attack frequency (MD = -1.24) and severity (MD = -0.38). Probiotics decreased the frequency (MD = -1.16), severity (MD = -1.07) and the monthly migraine days (MD = -3.02). Vitamin D reduced migraine frequency (MD = -1.69) and the monthly migraine days (MD = -2.41). In adults, compared with placebo, these supplements did not significantly affect other outcomes, and omega-3 supplementation did not yield a statistically significant reduction in any of these outcomes. CONCLUSION: The use of certain dietary supplements has resulted in a significant decrease in migraine prophylaxis. Further clinical trials of high quality appear to be beneficial. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 33827421 Comparative study of magnesium, sodium valproate, and concurrent magnesium-sodium valproate therapy in the prevention of migraine headaches: a randomized controlled double-blind trial. J Headache Pain, 2021. Magnesium alone was weaker than sodium valproate, but in combination it strengthened valproate's preventive effect.
Key summary
Purpose: To compare combined magnesium–sodium valproate therapy with each drug alone for migraine prevention. Methods: A randomized, double-blind trial treating migraine patients aged 18–65 for 3 months in three groups: sodium valproate (A), magnesium plus sodium valproate (B), and magnesium (C). Results: All three groups showed significant reductions in attack frequency, intensity, and duration versus baseline, but magnesium alone (group C) improved less than groups A and B, and the combination (B) improved several measures more than valproate alone (A). Conclusion: Magnesium can strengthen valproate's antimigraine effect and lower the required valproate dose (its stand-alone effect being relatively weak).
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of concurrent magnesium-sodium valproate therapy and compare it with either magnesium or sodium valproate alone in migraine prophylaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized single-center double-blind parallel-group controlled clinical trial study was conducted on migraine patients within the age range of 18-65 years. The subjects with at least four monthly attacks were randomly assigned to group A (n = 82) sodium valproate, group B (n = 70) magnesium with sodium valproate, and group C (n = 70) magnesium. The patients passed a one-month baseline without prophylactic therapy and then received a 3-month treatment. The characteristics of migraine, including frequency, severity, duration of the attacks, and the number of painkillers taken per month, were monthly recorded in each visit. The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) and Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) scores were recorded at the baseline and after 3 months of treatment in each group. Within- and between-group analyses were performed in this study. RESULTS: The obtained results revealed a significant reduction in all migraine characteristics in all groups compared to those reported for the baseline (P < 0.001). Intragroup data analysis indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in headache frequency between groups A and B in the third month (P = 0.525); nevertheless, three other parameters showed a significant reduction in group B, compared to those reported for group A in the third month (P < 0.05). On the other hand, group C could not effectively reduce measured parameters in the patients, compared to groups A and B after 3 months (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the MIDAS and HIT-6 scores significantly diminished in groups A, B, and C compared to those reported at the baseline (P < 0.001), and these changes were more significant in groups A and B than in group C (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The obtained results of this study revealed that magnesium could enhance the antimigraine properties of sodium valproate in combination therapy and reduce the required valproate dose for migraine prophylaxis. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40978493 Oral preventive medications for migraine in adults aged 18-65: a network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol, 2025. Network meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion.: topiramate, valproate, and propranolol were the main effective drugs; magnesium was effective mainly in combination with valproate.
Key summary
Purpose: To compare the relative efficacy and safety of oral migraine-prevention drugs in adults using network meta-analysisA meta-analysis that ranks several treatments at once, including indirect comparisons.. Methods: 44 trials (4,612 participants), with monthly attack frequency as the main endpoint. Results: Topiramate, valproate, and propranolol showed significant preventive effects, and combination regimens such as valproate plus magnesium were more effective than monotherapy with fewer adverse events. Conclusion: The analysis confirmed the efficacy of topiramate, valproate, and propranolol, and magnesium showed benefit mainly in combination regimens.
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BACKGROUND: Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological disorder that significantly impairs quality of life. Understanding the comparative effectiveness and safety of oral preventive medications is essential to guide treatment decisions in adult patients. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of oral pharmacological therapies for migraine prevention in adults using Network Meta-Analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across The Cochrane Library, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase databases until 15 December 2024 to find relevant studies on preventing migraine among adult populations. Clinical trials involving adult individuals with migraine who received oral pharmacological interventions were included. Per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, data extraction was independently conducted by five researchers in duplicate. Model choice was based on heterogeneity with random-effects used for I2 ≥ 50% and fixed-effects for I2 < 50%. The main endpoint was the monthly frequency of migraine attacks. Secondary endpoints encompassed the response rate of ≥50%, migraine duration, pain intensity, and quality of life (QoL). Adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: From the 17,443 identified citations, we included 44 trials (4,612 participants) in our analysis. Topiramate, valproate, and propranolol demonstrated significant efficacy in the prevention of migraines. Memantine, melatonin, and vitamin D3 also showed potential preventive effects. Combination therapies, such as flunarizine plus topiramate, valproate plus magnesium, or folic plus pyridoxine, were associated with greater efficacy in migraine prevention compared to monotherapy and with a lower incidence of adverse events. Topiramate, flunarizine, propranolol, valproate, amitriptyline, cinnarizine, and nortriptyline were associated with improvements in quality of life (QoL), but these findings were based on limited evidence. Valsartan and a-dihydroergocryptine were linked to reduced migraine frequency, but these results were largely derived from single studies and require confirmation through larger, high-quality trials. CONCLUSION: This network meta-analysis confirmed the significant efficacy of topiramate, valproate, and propranolol in migraine prevention and identified potential benefits of memantine, melatonin, vitamin D3, and combination therapies. These findings provide evidence-based treatment options for migraine prevention and suggest promising directions for future research. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024621316, Identifier: PROSPERO, CRD42024621316. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 41000008 Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Hypertension, 2025. Meta-analysis of 38 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s: reductions of −2.81 mmHg systolic and −2.05 mmHg diastolic; larger in people with hypertension or magnesium deficiency, with no significant difference in those with normal blood pressure.
Key summary
Purpose: To synthesize the relationship between magnesium supplementation and blood pressure from randomized trials. Methods: A meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. and dose-response analysis of 38 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (2,709 participants) lasting at least 4 weeks (median magnesium dose 365 mg, median 12 weeks). Results: Versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline., systolic BP fell −2.81 mmHg (95% CI −4.32 to −1.29) and diastolic −2.05 mmHg; reductions were larger in those on BP-lowering medication (systolic −7.68) and with hypomagnesemia (−5.97), while normotensive groups showed no significance; there was no dose-response relationship, and between-study heterogeneity was high. Conclusion: The findings support a blood-pressure-lowering benefit in populations with hypertension or magnesium deficiency, but should be interpreted cautiously given the high heterogeneity.
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BACKGROUND: There are inconsistent reports regarding the effect of magnesium intake on blood pressure (BP) across hypertensive and normotensive populations. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis and dose-response analysis to explore the relationship between magnesium supplementation and BP in randomized-controlled trials with a duration of ≥4 weeks, using a cubic spline regression model. RESULTS: Thirty-eight randomized controlled trials involving 2709 participants were eligible for inclusion. Studies included an elemental magnesium dose from 82.3 mg to 637 mg with a median dose of 365 mg and a median intervention period of 12 weeks. Mean differences of changes in BP were calculated by random effects meta-analysis. Magnesium intake resulted in a reduction in systolic BP of -2.81 mm Hg (95% CI, -4.32 to -1.29) and diastolic BP by -2.05 mm Hg (95% CI, -3.23 to -0.88) compared with placebo. Hypertensive individuals on BP-lowering medication and individuals with hypomagnesemia yielded greater systolic BP reductions of -7.68 and -5.97 mm Hg, respectively (P<0.05), and diastolic BP reductions of -2.96 and -4.75 mm Hg, respectively (P<0.05). In normotensive groups, statistical significance was not reached. We identified high heterogeneity across studies. We found no dose-response relationship between magnesium and BP changes (all P≥0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the beneficial effect of magnesium on reducing BP among populations with hypertension and hypomagnesemia, although effects should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity of studies. Larger, well-designed studies assessing higher magnesium doses are needed to refine the dose-response relationship between magnesium intake and BP and identify potential optimal supplementation strategies for subpopulations. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40045266 Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementations as complementary therapy for hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther, 2025. Meta-analysis of 24 studies: magnesium significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (−1.64), with no significant effect on systolic pressure or pulse rate.
Key summary
Purpose: To evaluate calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementation as complementary therapy for hypertension. Methods: A meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 24 of 40 studies. Results: Magnesium significantly lowered diastolic BP (MD −1.64, p=0.04) but had no significant effect on systolic BP (p=0.16) or pulse rate; calcium also lowered only diastolic pressure, while vitamin D lowered both systolic and diastolic. Conclusion: Magnesium and calcium lowered diastolic BP but had no significant effect on systolic BP.
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BACKGROUND: Hypertension, the first global modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, is a consequential and remediable threat to the health of individuals and society. Therefore, we conducted this study to explore the role of calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), and vitamin D (Vit-D) supplementation as complementary therapies for hypertension, focusing on their effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined relevant 6509 articles in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL up to October 2024. The primary outcome was the difference in blood pressure measurements (systolic and diastolic) and the pulse rate. The extracted data were analyzed using Open Meta Analyst software. RESULTS: This systematic review and meta-analysis included 40 studies; of them, 24 studies were analyzed. Ca++ was associated with a significant drop in the DBP (MD: -2.04, 95% CI [-3.39, -0.69], P = 0.01), but not in the SBP (P = 0.34) or pulse rate (P = 0.84). Mg++ significantly reduced DBP (MD: -1.64, 95% CI [-3.19, -0.09], P = 0.04), but had no significant effect on the SBP (P = 0.16) or pulse rate (P = 0.81). The estimated effect of Vit-D showed a significant reduction in SBP (MD: -2.83, 95% CI [-5.47, -0.199], P = 0.04) and DBP (MD: -1.64, 95% CI [-2.97, -0.3], P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Ca++ and Mg++ significantly reduced DBP but had no significant effect on SBP or the pulse rate. Whereas, vitamin D significantly reduced SBP and DBP. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 39519450 Magnesium and Potassium Supplementation for Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction in the General Normotensive Population: A Systematic Review and Subgroup Meta-Analysis for Optimal Dosage and Treatment Length. Nutrients, 2024. Meta-analysis: magnesium reduced systolic blood pressure by −2.79 mmHg; −3.03 to −4.31 mmHg at ≤360 mg/day and durations beyond 3 months.
Key summary
Purpose: To identify the optimal dose and duration for reducing systolic blood pressure with magnesium and potassium supplementation. Methods: Pairwise meta-analyses of placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline.-controlled RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s with dosage and duration subgroup analyses. Results: Magnesium reduced systolic BP by −2.79 mmHg, with larger reductions of −3.03 mmHg at ≤360 mg/day and −4.31 mmHg beyond 3 months. Conclusion: Lower doses and longer durations produced greater systolic BP reductions in the general population, though reliance on previously published trials means further validation is needed.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Studies have shown that consistent reductions of 2 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) for the general normotensive population can result in significant decreases in mortality from heart disease and stroke. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the optimal dose and duration of treatment for magnesium and potassium supplementation, having previously discovered that both reduce SBP by -2.79 and -2.10 mm Hg, respectively. METHODS: Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials examining the effects of magnesium and potassium supplementation on SBP were identified. Pairwise meta-analyses with subgroups for dosage and treatment duration were run. RESULTS: Magnesium at dosages of ≤360 mg/day and durations greater than 3 months reduced SBP by -3.03 and -4.31 mm Hg, respectively. Potassium at dosages of ≤60 mmol/day and durations greater than 1 month reduced SBP by -2.34 and -2.80 mm Hg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both supplements demonstrated greater reductions in SBP for the general population at lower dosages and longer treatment durations. Future studies are needed to validate these findings and provide tailored recommendations. These studies could investigate varying dosages over long-term follow-up to provide robust data on optimal dosages and treatment durations, as our findings were limited due to reliance on previously published trials. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 39534260 Effects of magnesium and potassium supplementation on insomnia and sleep hormones in patients with diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024. RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. in patients with diabetes and insomnia: magnesium (with or without potassium) lowered insomnia severity and changed cortisolA hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress; chronically high levels affect sleep and metabolism. and melatonin levels.
Key summary
Purpose: To evaluate magnesium and potassium supplementation in patients with diabetes and insomnia. Methods: A single-blind RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. assigning 320 patients to placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline., magnesium, potassium, or the combination for 2 months, measuring the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and serum melatonin and cortisolA hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress; chronically high levels affect sleep and metabolism.. Results: The treatment groups showed significant ISI improvement after the trial, along with significant changes in cortisol and melatonin; supplementation lowered insomnia severity by improving sleep duration. Conclusion: Magnesium and potassium, alone or combined, had a significant effect in lowering insomnia severity in patients with diabetes.
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OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition with hyperglycemia. Literature has shown a correlation between poor sleep quality and duration with an increased incidence of insomnia in diabetic individuals. The goal of this study was to determine the magnesium and potassium supplementation effect among diabetic individuals with insomnia. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial (single blind) was conducted on 320 patients with diabetes; after 2 months of follow-up, 290 patients completed the trial. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to assess the severity and duration of insomnia, before and after the trial. Tablets containing supplements were prepared: placebo (T1), magnesium (Mg, T2), potassium (K, T3), and a combination of Mg and K (T4). Melatonin and cortisol (sleep hormones) were measured from blood (serum) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), before and after the trial. RESULTS: The study included 93 (32.1%) male and 197 (67.9%) female participants. According to the analysis, there was a significant association between the treatment groups and ISI after the trial (post-trial), p = 0.0001. Analysis showed that there was significant association between pre- and post-serum cortisol levels in treatment groups 2, 3, and 4 (T2, T3, and T4) as p-values are 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001 respectively. Similar findings were observed for serum melatonin. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that magnesium, potassium, and magnesium and potassium combined had a significant effect on serum cortisol and melatonin levels (sleep hormones). In addition, supplementation significantly decreased the severity of insomnia among patients with diabetes by improving sleep duration. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40506285 Higher daytime intake of fruits and vegetables predicts less disrupted nighttime sleep in younger adults. Sleep Health, 2025. Free-living diet–sleep study: higher magnesium intake showed only a trend toward less disrupted sleep (not significant, p=0.09).
Key summary
Purpose: To observe, under free-living conditions, how daytime dietary intake affects the following night's sleep quality. Methods: 34 young adults; 201 paired diet–sleep records analyzed with a 24-hour dietary tool and wrist actigraphy. Results: Higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and carbohydrates was associated with significantly lower sleep fragmentation, and higher fiber (p=0.08) and magnesium (p=0.09) intake showed a trend toward less disrupted sleep that was not significant. Conclusion: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and complex carbohydrates was associated with sleep, while magnesium's independent effect amounted to only a non-significant trend.
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BACKGROUND: Higher-quality diets are associated with better sleep quality in observational studies. However, a better understanding of this association is needed given that dietary modifications could represent a novel and natural approach to achieve better sleep. OBJECTIVE: To examine how daytime dietary intakes influence sleep quality on the following night using multiple days of self-reported diet monitoring and objective sleep measured under free-living conditions. METHODS: Participants were younger US adults with average habitual sleep duration between 7 and 9 hours per night. Diet was assessed using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool. Sleep was measured using wrist actigraphy. Sleep fragmentation index was used for objective assessment of sleep quality. RESULTS: Thirty-four participants (age: 28.3±6.6years, BMI: 24.1±3.9 kg/m2, 82.3% males, 50.0% racial/ethnic minority) provided 201 paired diet-sleep data. Greater daytime intakes of fruits and vegetables (β-coefficient (SE)=-0.60 (0.29), P=.038) and carbohydrates (-0.02 (0.007), P=.022), but not added sugar (P=.54), were associated with lower sleep fragmentation index. Trends toward associations of higher intakes of red and processed meat (P=.10) with more disrupted sleep, as well as higher fiber (P=.08) and magnesium (P=.09) intakes with less disrupted sleep, were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Higher daytime intakes of fruits and vegetables and carbohydrates that align with a healthy diet were associated with less disrupted nighttime sleep. A 5-cup increase (from no intake) in fruits and vegetables, meeting dietary recommendations, was associated with 16% better sleep quality. These findings suggest that diets rich in complex carbohydrates, fruits, and vegetables may promote better sleep health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: NCT03663530 and NCT03257137. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 34247796 Effect of oral magnesium supplementation for relieving leg cramps during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 2021. Meta-analysis of 4 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s on pregnancy leg cramps: oral magnesium had no effect (no significant difference in either frequency or recovery).
Key summary
Purpose: To synthesize the effect of oral magnesium on leg cramps during pregnancy. Methods: A meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 4 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (332 pregnant women). Results: Leg-cramp frequency after treatment was not reduced versus controls (WMD −0.47, p=0.167), and neither recovery (OR 0.47, p=0.207) nor side effects differed significantly. Conclusion: Oral magnesium is not effective for leg cramps during pregnancy.
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Leg cramps are one of the common symptoms during pregnancy. About 30%-50% of pregnant women experience leg cramps twice a week. Leg cramps may cause severe pain and sleep disturbance, hinder performance of daily activities and may lengthen the duration of pregnancy and the type of childbirth. Several randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies focused on the effects of the magnesium supplement for relieving leg cramps. However, the results were inconsistent. Five databases were searched from their inception to July 2, 2020. We summarized the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% CIs for "the frequency of leg cramps after treatment", and summarized the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for "recovery from leg cramps" and "side effects". Four RCTs with a total of 332 pregnant women were identified. The frequency of leg cramps after treatment was not decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (WMD = -0.47, 95% CI: -1.14-0.20, P = 0.167). Magnesium supplementation cannot improve the recovery from leg cramps compared to the control group (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.14-1.52, P = 0.207). Magnesium supplementation had no significant side effects in the treatment group compared to the control group (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 0.90-3.69, P = 0.094). Oral magnesium supplementation is not effective in the treatment of leg cramps during pregnancy. PROSPERO: CRD42020196572. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 33275278 Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020. CochraneAn international network that rigorously reviews and synthesizes evidence. review: it is unclear whether any intervention is effective for leg cramps in pregnancy; the magnesium results were also inconsistent (low certainty).
Key summary
Purpose: To assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (an update of the 2015 review). Methods: Eight small RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (576 women) were included, with certainty rated using GRADEAn international standard for rating the certainty of evidence from high to very low.. Results: Results for leg-cramp frequency with oral magnesium versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. were contradictory and inconsistent across studies, and the effect on pain intensity was uncertain; overall certainty was low to very low. Conclusion: The evidence does not make clear which intervention is effective for leg cramps in pregnancy, and outcomes were measured and reported in highly inconsistent ways.
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BACKGROUND: Leg cramps are a common problem in pregnancy. Various interventions have been used to treat them, including drug, electrolyte and vitamin therapies, and non-drug therapies. This Cochrane Review is an update of a review first published in 2015. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of different interventions for treating leg cramps in pregnancy. SEARCH METHODS: We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (25 September 2019), and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any intervention for the treatment of leg cramps in pregnancy compared with placebo, no treatment or other treatments. Quinine was excluded for its known adverse effects. Cluster-RCTS were eligible for inclusion. Quasi-RCTs and cross-over studies were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included eight small studies (576 women). Frequency of leg cramps was our primary outcome and secondary outcomes included intensity and duration of leg cramps, adverse outcomes for mother and baby and health-related quality of life. Overall, the studies were at low or unclear risk of bias. Outcomes were reported in different ways, precluding the use of meta-analysis and thus data were limited to single trials. Certainty of evidence was assessed as either low or very-low due to serious limitations in study design and imprecision. Oral magnesium versus placebo/no treatment The results for frequency of leg cramps were inconsistent. In one study, results indicated that women may be more likely to report never having any leg cramps after treatment (risk ratio (RR) 5.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35 to 23.68, 1 trial, 69 women, low-certainty evidence); whilst fewer women may report having twice-weekly leg cramps (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.80, 1 trial, 69 women); and more women may report a 50% reduction in number of leg cramps after treatment (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.86, 1 trial, 86 women, low-certainty evidence). However, other findings indicated that magnesium may make little to no difference in the frequency of leg cramps during differing periods of treatment. For pain intensity, again results were inconsistent. Findings indicated that magnesium may make little or no difference: mean total pain score (MD 1.80, 95% CI -3.10 to 6.70, 1 trial, 38 women, low-certainty evidence). In another study the evidence was very uncertain about the effects of magnesium on pain intensity as measured in terms of a 50% reduction in pain. Findings from another study indicated that magnesium may reduce pain intensity according to a visual analogue scale (MD -17.50, 95% CI -34.68 to -0.32,1 trial, 69 women, low-certainty evidence). For all other outcomes examined there may be little or no difference: duration of leg cramps (low to very-low certainty); composite outcome - symptoms of leg cramps (very-low certainty); and for any side effects, including nausea and diarrhoea (low certainty). Oral calcium versus placebo/no treatment The evidence is unclear about the effect of calcium supplements on frequency of leg cramps because the certainty was found to be very low: no leg cramps after treatment (RR 8.59, 95% CI 1.19 to 62.07, 1 study, 43 women, very low-certainty evidence). In another small study, the findings indicated that the mean frequency of leg cramps may be slightly lower with oral calcium (MD -0.53, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.34; 1 study, 60 women; low certainty). Oral vitamin B versus no treatment One small trial, did not report on frequency of leg cramps individually, but showed that oral vitamin B supplements may reduce the frequency and intensity (composite outcome) of leg cramps (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.73; 1 study, 42 women). There were no data on side effects. Oral calcium versus oral vitamin C The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of calcium on frequency of leg cramps after treatment compared with vitamin C (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.53 to 3.38, 1 study, 60 women, very low-certainty evidence). Oral vitamin D versus placebo One trial (84 women) found vitamin D may make little or no difference to frequency of leg cramps compared with placebo at three weeks (MD 2.06, 95% CI 0.58 to 3.54); or six weeks after treatment (MD 1.53, 95% CI 0.12 to 2.94). Oral calcium-vitamin D versus placebo One trial (84 women) found oral calcium-vitamin D may make little or no difference to frequency of leg cramps compared with placebo after treatment at three weeks (MD -0.30, 95% CI -1.55 to 0.95); and six weeks (MD 0.03, 95% CI -1.3 to 1.36). Oral calcium-vitamin D versus vitamin D One trial (84 women) found oral calcium-vitamin D may make little or no difference to frequency of leg cramps compared with vitamin D after treatment at three weeks (MD -1.35, 95% CI -2.84 to 0.14); and six weeks after treatment (MD -1.10, 95% CI -2.69 to 0.49). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: It is unclear from the evidence reviewed whether any of the interventions provide an effective treatment for leg cramps. This is primarily due to outcomes being measured and reported in different, incomparable ways so that data could not be pooled. The certainty of evidence was found to be low or very-low due to design limitations and trials being too small to address the question satisfactorily. Adverse outcomes were not reported, other than side effects for magnesium versus placebo/no treatment. It is therefore not possible to assess the safety of these interventions. The inconsistency in the measurement and reporting of outcomes meant that meta-analyses could not be carried out. The development of a core outcome set for measuring the frequency, intensity and duration of leg cramps would address these inconsistencies and mean these outcomes could be investigated effectively in the future. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 41680812 Secondary prevention of leg cramps using compression stockings or magnesium supplements: a three-arm randomized clinical trial. Trials, 2026. Three-arm RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. of leg cramps in adults aged 50–85: compression stockings were effective, while magnesium was no different from placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline..
Key summary
Purpose: To evaluate the preventive effect of compression stockings for leg cramps in adults aged 50–85 (including comparison with magnesium and placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline.). Methods: A Finnish three-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which 121 participants used compression stockings, magnesium chloride, or placebo for 4 weeks, with the change in cramp frequency at week 8 as the primary endpoint. Results: Compression stockings significantly reduced cramp frequency versus placebo (MD −1.43, p=0.001), while magnesium did not differ significantly from placebo (MD −0.20, p=0.929). Conclusion: Compression stockings were effective, but magnesium provided no benefit over placebo.
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BACKGROUND: Leg cramps are common among older adults and often lead to sleep disturbances and reduced quality of life. However, there is no consensus on how to treat this condition. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of compression stockings in preventing leg cramps in individuals aged 50 to 85. METHODS: This study was a three-arm, parallel-group, partially blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted in Finland. Participants were recruited nationwide through online advertisements and primary care centers. Eligible individuals had experienced at least two leg cramps per week during the previous 4 weeks. Participants were randomized to receive either knee-high medical compression stockings, magnesium hydrochloride, or placebo pills, to be used daily for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in leg cramp frequency at week 8. Secondary outcomes included the number of leg cramp-related nocturnal awakenings and the perceived pain intensity on an ordinal scale. RESULTS: A total of 121 participants were randomized, and 109 (90.1%) completed the trial. The primary outcome analysis included 114 participants. The mean age was 65.8 years (SD 7.8), and 87 (71.9%) were women. At baseline, the median number of weekly leg cramps was 4 (IQR 3-7). At week 8, the median weekly leg cramp frequency was 2 (IQR 1-2.5) in the compression stockings group, 3 (IQR 2-6) in the magnesium group, and 3 (IQR 2-5) in the placebo group. The baseline-adjusted mean difference in leg cramp frequency between the compression stockings and placebo group was -1.43 (95% CI -2.36 to -0.50; P = .001). No significant difference was observed between the magnesium and placebo groups, with an adjusted mean difference of -0.20 (95% CI -1.49 to 1.09; P = 0.929). Four participants discontinued compression stockings due to adverse reactions. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, daily use of compression stockings was effective in reducing the frequency and pain intensity of leg cramps, as well as the number of nocturnal awakenings caused by them. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04694417. Registered on 4 January 2021. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 41812583 The Role of Electrolytes in Muscle Pain Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Implications for Temporomandibular Disorder. Int Dent J, 2026. Electrolyte–muscle-pain meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion.: magnesium worked for pregnancy cramps (RR 1.35) but not for nocturnal or persistent leg cramps in adults.
Key summary
Purpose: To synthesize the effect of electrolyte (especially magnesium) supplementation on muscle cramps and myalgia. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 13 trials (10 magnesium RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s), with RoB 2 risk-of-bias assessment. Results: For pregnancy-related cramps (4 trials, N≈364), magnesium significantly reduced cramps versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. (RR 1.35, p=0.02), but for nocturnal or persistent leg cramps in adults (4 trials, N≈396) there was no significant effect (MD −0.42, p=0.26), and intravenous magnesium provided no benefit in older adults. Conclusion: Magnesium benefits pregnancy cramps but has inconsistent effects in other populations.
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BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a major cause of chronic orofacial pain, with myalgia of the masticatory muscles being central to symptom burden. Electrolyte modulation, particularly magnesium, may influence neuromuscular excitability and nociceptor sensitization, but no systematic review has synthesized the evidence for muscle pain syndromes or its relevance to TMD. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of electrolyte supplementation (magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium) in reducing muscle cramps and myalgia, and to explore the biological plausibility and potential extrapolation to TMD-related myofascial pain. METHODS: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251120631). PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from January 1995 to August 2025. Randomized or quasi-randomized trials of electrolyte supplementation for cramps or myalgia were eligible. Data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment (RoB 2 tool) were performed independently by 2 reviewers. Meta-analyses used random-effects models in R (v4.4.3) and Python (v3.11). RESULTS: Thirteen trials were included. Magnesium was most frequently studied (10 RCTs). In pregnancy-associated cramps (4 trials, N≈364), magnesium significantly reduced cramp frequency compared with placebo (pooled RR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.05-1.74, P = .02). In nocturnal or persistent leg cramps in adults (4 trials, N≈396), no significant effect was found (MD -0.42 cramps/week, 95% CI: -1.15 to 0.31, P = .26). Intravenous magnesium showed no benefit in older adults, but a perioperative trial demonstrated reduced fasciculations and postoperative myalgia. Sodium-based solutions reduced cramp susceptibility in exercise and cirrhosis, while calcium and potassium lacked supportive evidence. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate. CONCLUSION: Magnesium supplementation benefits pregnancy-related cramps but shows inconsistent effects in other populations. Sodium-based interventions are context-specific, and calcium and potassium remain unsupported. Magnesium is the most plausible candidate for translation to TMD myalgia, warranting targeted clinical trials. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 34719399 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study assessing the efficacy of magnesium oxide monohydrate in the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. Nutr J, 2021. RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. of a high-absorption formulation (MOMH): significantly reduced nocturnal leg-cramp frequency and duration versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. (a single specialized formulation).
Key summary
Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of magnesium oxide monohydrate (MOMH), engineered for higher cellular absorption, for nocturnal leg cramps. Methods: A Ukrainian randomized, double-blind, placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline.-controlled, multicenter trial in which participants took MOMH 226 mg or placebo at bedtime for 60 days (175 completed). Results: Cramps decreased in both groups, but the reduction was significantly greater with MOMH (−3.4 vs −2.6, p=0.01), and reductions in cramp duration and improvement in sleep quality also exceeded placebo. Conclusion: MOMH was effective for nocturnal leg cramps and was safe and well tolerated (note that, unlike ordinary magnesium oxide, this is an absorption-enhanced formulation).
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BACKGROUND: Magnesium supplements are widely used for prophylaxis and treatment of nocturnal leg cramps (NLC). However, there is little evidence in support of their effectiveness. The main impediment stems from the lack of assessments of cellular absorption. In the current study, we tested the efficacy and safety of a magnesium supplement - magnesium oxide monohydrate (MOMH), for which increased cellular absorption rates were demonstrated in an ex-vivo setting. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study was conducted in hospitals and outpatient clinics in Ukraine, from February to August 2018. Eligible subjects received a capsule with MOMH 226 mg or placebo, once daily, at bedtime, for a 60-day period. The assessed parameters included frequency and duration of NLC episodes, quality of sleep, NLC-induced pain and quality of life sub-scores. The Fisher's Exact Test for comparison of groups by categorical variables was used. The Student's test or Mann-Whitney test were used for between-group comparison at different timepoints. ANCOVA followed by contrast analysis was used for comparison of groups at the end of the study. RESULTS: 175 (81%) out of 216 initially screened subjects completed the study. The number of NLC episodes has significantly decreased by the end of the study period as compared to baseline in both groups (p < 0.001 for both). There was a significant between-group difference in the magnitude of reduction in NLC episodes (p = 0.01), indicating a higher decrease in the MOMH group as compared to the placebo group (- 3.4 vs - 2.6, respectively). In addition, MOMH treatment resulted in a greater reduction in NLC duration (p < 0.007) and greater improvement in sleep quality (p < 0.001) as compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: MOMH was shown to be effective in the treatment of NLC as well as safe and well-tolerated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03807219 , retrospectively registered on January 16, 2019. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 11794633 Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations Magnes Res, 2001 Magnesium oxide is poorly absorbed (fractional absorptionThe proportion of an intake that the body actually absorbs. about 4%), while the chloride, lactate, and aspartate forms show higher absorption.
Key summary
In normal volunteers, four commercial magnesium preparations were given at about 21 mEq/day and bioavailabilityThe fraction of an ingested substance that actually reaches the blood and tissues to act. was measured from the rise in urinary magnesium excretion. Magnesium oxide had low fractional absorptionThe proportion of an intake that the body actually absorbs. of about 4%, while magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate were significantly higher and equivalent to one another. The study concluded that, depending on the preparation, even an inorganic salt can have bioavailability equivalent to an organic salt.
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Magnesium deficiency is seen with some frequency in the outpatient setting and requires oral repletion or maintenance therapy. The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of four commercially-available preparations of magnesium, and to test the claim that organic salts are more easily absorbed. Bioavailability was measured as the increment of urinary maginesium excretion in normal volunteers given approximately 21 mEq/day of the test preparations. Results indicated relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide (fractional absorption 4 per cent) but significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and magnesium aspartate. We conclude that there is relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide, but greater and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate. Inorganic magnesium salts, depending on the preparation, may have bioavailability equivalent to organic magnesium salts. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ FDA (DailyMed) Magnesium Oxide - OTC drug label (warnings)
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View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Seeds, pumpkin and squash seed kernels, dried (FDC 170556)
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View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Spinach, cooked, boiled, drained (FDC 168463)
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View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Beans, black, mature seeds, cooked, boiled (FDC 173735)
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View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Nuts, almonds, dry roasted (FDC 170158)
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View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Seaweed, wakame, raw (FDC 170496)
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View original ↗ USDA FoodData Central Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids (FDC 170273)
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