PMID 42286933 Magnesium-Rich Mineral Water Improves Stool Consistency and Bowel Habits in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2026. Magnesium-rich mineral water improved stool form and bowel-movement frequency in healthy adults compared with placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. (soft water).
Key summary
Purpose: To assess how magnesium-rich mineral water affects stool form and bowel habits in healthy adults. Methods: A single-center, randomized, parallel-group trial in which 40 participants drank either soft water or magnesium-rich mineral water (1 L/day) for 14 days; the primary endpoint was the change in weekly mean Bristol Stool Form Scale score. Results: The magnesium mineral-water group had higher Bristol scores at weeks 1 and 2, more frequent spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) and complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM) than the soft-water group, and more frequent subjective improvement, with no difference in fluid intake. Conclusion: In healthy people, magnesium mineral water softened stool and increased bowel-movement frequency, with no safety concerns.
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INTRODUCTION: Magnesium-rich mineral water influences stool consistency and bowel habits. However, randomized controlled trials directly comparing magnesium-rich mineral water with soft water using standardized bowel outcomes remain limited. METHODS: This single-center, randomized, parallel-group trial enrolled 40 healthy subjects who did not meet Rome IV criteria for chronic constipation or irritable bowel syndrome. After a 7-day observation period, participants consumed either soft water or magnesium-rich mineral water (1 L/day) for 14 days. The primary endpoint was change in weekly mean Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) score from baseline to intervention week 2, analyzed using analysis of covariance. Secondary endpoints included spontaneous bowel movements (SBM), complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM), subjective global improvement, time to first SBM, and daily total fluid intake. KEY RESULTS: All participants completed the trial. Compared with soft water, magnesium-rich mineral water significantly increased BSFS score at week 1 and week 2 (both p < 0.05). Weekly frequencies of SBM and CSBM were higher in the magnesium-rich mineral water group. Subjective improvement at week 2 was more frequent with magnesium-rich mineral water. Compared with the observation period, no difference in water intake was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: In healthy subjects, magnesium-rich mineral water was associated with stool softening and increased bowel movement frequency. No safety concerns were observed during the study period. These findings support further investigation of magnesium-rich mineral water as a strategy for modulating bowel habits. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40856829 Sennosides vs magnesium hydroxide vs polyethylene glycol as a treatment for constipation in anorectal malformation: a randomized crossover trial. Pediatr Surg Int, 2025. In constipation from anorectal malformation, magnesium hydroxide showed no difference in efficacy from sennosides or PEGPolyethylene glycol - an osmotic laxative widely used for constipation. (small study).
Key summary
Purpose: To compare the efficacy and user preference of sennosides, magnesium hydroxide, and PEGPolyethylene glycol - an osmotic laxative widely used for constipation. for constipation in patients with anorectal malformation (ARM). Methods: A randomized crossover trial in which 15 patients received all three laxatives in random order for 21 days each. Results: Post-treatment fecal-loading (Leech) scores did not differ significantly among the three groups (sennosides 6.67, Mg(OH)2 6.80, PEG 5.80; p=0.841), nor did the rate of clean bowel clearance. Conclusion: In this small trial there was no statistically significant difference in efficacy or preference among the three laxatives (with PEG trending somewhat better at clearing retained stool).
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PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and user preference of Sennosides, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in treating constipation in ARM patients. METHODS: A randomized crossover trial was conducted from January 2018 to December 2019. Fifteen patients with surgically corrected ARM and diagnosed constipation were enrolled. Each patient received all three laxatives in a random order for 21-day periods, separated by washout periods. The primary outcome was post-treatment fecal loading assessed by Leech score on abdominal radiography. Secondary outcomes included the rate of clean fecal loading (Leech score <= 6) and user preference scores. RESULTS: The mean post-treatment Leech scores were 6.67 for Sennosides, 6.80 for Mg(OH)2, and 5.80 for PEG (p = 0.841). Clean fecal loading was achieved in 40% of cases with Sennosides, 46.67% with Mg(OH)2, and 60% with PEG (p = 0.655). User preference scores favored Sennosides over Mg(OH)2 and PEG. No significant differences in treatment, period, or sequence effects were found. CONCLUSION: While PEG showed a trend towards better fecal clearance and Sennosides was preferred by users, no statistically significant differences in efficacy or user preference were found among the three laxatives. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 38452708 Pharmacological prevention and treatment of opioid-induced constipation in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev, 2024. For preventing opioid-induced constipation in cancer patients, magnesium oxide is likely effective (though direct comparison with standard laxatives is lacking).
Key summary
Purpose: To summarize the drug evidence for preventing and treating opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in cancer patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 20 trials. Results: For prevention, one cohort study found a significant benefit of magnesium oxide over no laxative and one RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. found naldemedine superior to magnesium oxide; clear ranking among laxatives was limited. Conclusion: Magnesium oxide and naldemedine are most likely effective for OIC prevention, but they have not been directly compared with standard (osmotic and stimulant) laxatives, so more research is needed before clinical recommendations can be made.
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BACKGROUND: Cancer-related pain often requires opioid treatment with opioid-induced constipation (OIC) as its most frequent gastrointestinal side-effect. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to give an overview of the scientific evidence on pharmacological strategies for the prevention and treatment of OIC in cancer patients. METHODS: A systematic search was completed up to 22 October 2022. Randomized and non-randomized studies were selected. RESULTS: Twenty trials were included. Regarding prevention of OIC, three RCTs compared laxatives with other laxatives, finding no clear differences. One cohort study showed a significant benefit of magnesium oxide compared with no laxative. One RCT found a significant benefit for the PAMORA naldemedine compared with magnesium oxide. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium oxide and naldemedine are most likely effective for prevention of OIC in cancer patients. However, their effect has not been compared to standard (osmotic and stimulant) laxatives. More studies are necessary before recommendations for clinical practice can be made. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 39404918 Effects of selected dietary supplements on migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurol Sci, 2025. Meta-analysis of 22 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s: magnesium supplementation reduced migraine attack frequency, intensity, and monthly migraine days.
Key summary
Purpose: To quantitatively synthesize the migraine-prevention effects of dietary supplements. Methods: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 22 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s, with certainty of evidence rated using GRADEAn international standard for rating the certainty of evidence from high to very low.. Results: Compared with controls, magnesium supplementation reduced attack frequency (MD −2.51), intensity (MD −0.88), and monthly migraine days (MD −1.66); CoQ10, riboflavin, and vitamin D also showed some effect, while omega-3 produced no significant reduction. Conclusion: Several dietary supplements produced significant reductions for migraine prevention, and high-quality follow-up trials would be beneficial.
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BACKGROUND: The existing evidence on the effect of dietary supplements for preventing migraines has generated conflicting results. METHODS: We assessed alterations in migraine clinical features corresponding to the intake of dietary supplements. Our main outcomes included the frequency (number of attacks), duration (in hours), the severity (intensity) and the monthly migraine days. Using a dose-response meta-analysis, we estimated the dose-dependent impact. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE tool. RESULTS: Twenty-two trials were included. Magnesium supplementation reduced migraine attacks (mean difference (MD) = -2.51), severity (MD = -0.88), and the monthly migraine days (MD = -1.66) compared with the control group. CoQ10 decreased the frequency (MD = -1.73), severity, and duration. Riboflavin decreased attack frequency (MD = -1.34). Vitamin D reduced migraine frequency (MD = -1.69). Omega-3 supplementation did not yield a statistically significant reduction in any outcome. CONCLUSION: The use of certain dietary supplements has resulted in a significant decrease in migraine prophylaxis. Further clinical trials of high quality appear to be beneficial. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 33827421 Comparative study of magnesium, sodium valproate, and concurrent magnesium-sodium valproate therapy in the prevention of migraine headaches: a randomized controlled double-blind trial. J Headache Pain, 2021. Magnesium alone was weaker than sodium valproate, but in combination it strengthened valproate's preventive effect.
Key summary
Purpose: To compare combined magnesium–sodium valproate therapy with each drug alone for migraine prevention. Methods: A randomized, double-blind trial treating migraine patients aged 18–65 for 3 months in three groups: sodium valproate (A), magnesium plus sodium valproate (B), and magnesium (C). Results: All three groups showed significant reductions in attack frequency, intensity, and duration versus baseline, but magnesium alone (group C) improved less than groups A and B, and the combination (B) improved several measures more than valproate alone (A). Conclusion: Magnesium can strengthen valproate's antimigraine effect and lower the required valproate dose (its stand-alone effect being relatively weak).
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of concurrent magnesium-sodium valproate therapy and compare it with either magnesium or sodium valproate alone in migraine prophylaxis. METHODS: This randomized double-blind parallel-group trial was conducted on migraine patients aged 18-65 with at least four monthly attacks, assigned to group A sodium valproate, group B magnesium with sodium valproate, and group C magnesium, receiving a 3-month treatment. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in all migraine characteristics in all groups compared to baseline (P < 0.001). Group C could not effectively reduce measured parameters compared to groups A and B after 3 months (P < 0.001); three parameters showed a significant reduction in group B compared to group A. CONCLUSION: Magnesium could enhance the antimigraine properties of sodium valproate in combination therapy and reduce the required valproate dose for migraine prophylaxis. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40978493 Oral preventive medications for migraine in adults aged 18-65: a network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol, 2025. Network meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion.: topiramate, valproate, and propranolol were the main effective drugs; magnesium was effective mainly in combination with valproate.
Key summary
Purpose: To compare the relative efficacy and safety of oral migraine-prevention drugs in adults using network meta-analysisA meta-analysis that ranks several treatments at once, including indirect comparisons.. Methods: 44 trials (4,612 participants), with monthly attack frequency as the main endpoint. Results: Topiramate, valproate, and propranolol showed significant preventive effects, and combination regimens such as valproate plus magnesium were more effective than monotherapy with fewer adverse events. Conclusion: The analysis confirmed the efficacy of topiramate, valproate, and propranolol, and magnesium showed benefit mainly in combination regimens.
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BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of oral pharmacological therapies for migraine prevention in adults using Network Meta-Analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted until 15 December 2024. The main endpoint was the monthly frequency of migraine attacks. RESULTS: From 17,443 citations, we included 44 trials (4,612 participants). Topiramate, valproate, and propranolol demonstrated significant efficacy in the prevention of migraines. Combination therapies, such as flunarizine plus topiramate, valproate plus magnesium, or folic plus pyridoxine, were associated with greater efficacy compared to monotherapy and with a lower incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSION: This network meta-analysis confirmed the significant efficacy of topiramate, valproate, and propranolol in migraine prevention and identified potential benefits of combination therapies. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 41000008 Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Hypertension, 2025. Meta-analysis of 38 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s: reductions of −2.81 mmHg systolic and −2.05 mmHg diastolic; larger in people with hypertension or magnesium deficiency, with no significant difference in those with normal blood pressure.
Key summary
Purpose: To synthesize the relationship between magnesium supplementation and blood pressure from randomized trials. Methods: A meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. and dose-response analysis of 38 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (2,709 participants) lasting at least 4 weeks (median magnesium dose 365 mg, median 12 weeks). Results: Versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline., systolic BP fell −2.81 mmHg (95% CI −4.32 to −1.29) and diastolic −2.05 mmHg; reductions were larger in those on BP-lowering medication (systolic −7.68) and with hypomagnesemia (−5.97), while normotensive groups showed no significance; there was no dose-response relationship, and between-study heterogeneity was high. Conclusion: The findings support a blood-pressure-lowering benefit in populations with hypertension or magnesium deficiency, but should be interpreted cautiously given the high heterogeneity.
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BACKGROUND: There are inconsistent reports regarding the effect of magnesium intake on blood pressure (BP) across hypertensive and normotensive populations. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis and dose-response analysis of randomized-controlled trials with a duration of >=4 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-eight randomized controlled trials involving 2709 participants were eligible. Studies included an elemental magnesium dose from 82.3 mg to 637 mg with a median dose of 365 mg. Magnesium intake resulted in a reduction in systolic BP of -2.81 mm Hg (95% CI, -4.32 to -1.29) and diastolic BP by -2.05 mm Hg (95% CI, -3.23 to -0.88) compared with placebo. Hypertensive individuals on BP-lowering medication and individuals with hypomagnesemia yielded greater systolic BP reductions of -7.68 and -5.97 mm Hg, respectively. In normotensive groups, statistical significance was not reached. We found no dose-response relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the beneficial effect of magnesium on reducing BP among populations with hypertension and hypomagnesemia, although effects should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity of studies. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40045266 Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementations as complementary therapy for hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther, 2025. Meta-analysis of 24 studies: magnesium significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (−1.64), with no significant effect on systolic pressure or pulse rate.
Key summary
Purpose: To evaluate calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementation as complementary therapy for hypertension. Methods: A meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 24 of 40 studies. Results: Magnesium significantly lowered diastolic BP (MD −1.64, p=0.04) but had no significant effect on systolic BP (p=0.16) or pulse rate; calcium also lowered only diastolic pressure, while vitamin D lowered both systolic and diastolic. Conclusion: Magnesium and calcium lowered diastolic BP but had no significant effect on systolic BP.
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BACKGROUND: We conducted this study to explore the role of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementation as complementary therapies for hypertension. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined relevant articles up to October 2024. RESULTS: The review included 40 studies; 24 were analyzed. Calcium was associated with a significant drop in DBP (MD -2.04, P = 0.01) but not SBP (P = 0.34). Magnesium significantly reduced DBP (MD -1.64, P = 0.04) but had no significant effect on SBP (P = 0.16) or pulse rate (P = 0.81). Vitamin D showed a significant reduction in SBP (MD -2.83) and DBP (MD -1.64). CONCLUSION: Calcium and magnesium significantly reduced DBP but had no significant effect on SBP or pulse rate, whereas vitamin D significantly reduced both SBP and DBP. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 39519450 Magnesium and Potassium Supplementation for Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction in the General Normotensive Population: A Systematic Review and Subgroup Meta-Analysis for Optimal Dosage and Treatment Length. Nutrients, 2024. Meta-analysis: magnesium reduced systolic blood pressure by −2.79 mmHg; −3.03 to −4.31 mmHg at ≤360 mg/day and durations beyond 3 months.
Key summary
Purpose: To identify the optimal dose and duration for reducing systolic blood pressure with magnesium and potassium supplementation. Methods: Pairwise meta-analyses of placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline.-controlled RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s with dosage and duration subgroup analyses. Results: Magnesium reduced systolic BP by −2.79 mmHg, with larger reductions of −3.03 mmHg at ≤360 mg/day and −4.31 mmHg beyond 3 months. Conclusion: Lower doses and longer durations produced greater systolic BP reductions in the general population, though reliance on previously published trials means further validation is needed.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the optimal dose and duration of treatment for magnesium and potassium supplementation, having previously discovered that both reduce SBP by -2.79 and -2.10 mm Hg, respectively. METHODS: Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials examining the effects of magnesium and potassium supplementation on SBP were identified. Pairwise meta-analyses with subgroups for dosage and treatment duration were run. RESULTS: Magnesium at dosages of <=360 mg/day and durations greater than 3 months reduced SBP by -3.03 and -4.31 mm Hg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both supplements demonstrated greater reductions in SBP for the general population at lower dosages and longer treatment durations. Future studies are needed to validate these findings. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 39534260 Effects of magnesium and potassium supplementation on insomnia and sleep hormones in patients with diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024. RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. in patients with diabetes and insomnia: magnesium (with or without potassium) lowered insomnia severity and changed cortisolA hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress; chronically high levels affect sleep and metabolism. and melatonin levels.
Key summary
Purpose: To evaluate magnesium and potassium supplementation in patients with diabetes and insomnia. Methods: A single-blind RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. assigning 320 patients to placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline., magnesium, potassium, or the combination for 2 months, measuring the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and serum melatonin and cortisolA hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress; chronically high levels affect sleep and metabolism.. Results: The treatment groups showed significant ISI improvement after the trial, along with significant changes in cortisol and melatonin; supplementation lowered insomnia severity by improving sleep duration. Conclusion: Magnesium and potassium, alone or combined, had a significant effect in lowering insomnia severity in patients with diabetes.
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OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine the magnesium and potassium supplementation effect among diabetic individuals with insomnia. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 320 patients with diabetes; after 2 months, 290 completed the trial. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used before and after. Melatonin and cortisol were measured from serum. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the treatment groups and ISI after the trial (p = 0.0001). There was significant association between pre- and post-serum cortisol levels in treatment groups 2, 3, and 4; similar findings for melatonin. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium, potassium, and their combination had a significant effect on serum cortisol and melatonin levels, and supplementation significantly decreased the severity of insomnia among patients with diabetes by improving sleep duration. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 40506285 Higher daytime intake of fruits and vegetables predicts less disrupted nighttime sleep in younger adults. Sleep Health, 2025. Free-living diet–sleep study: higher magnesium intake showed only a trend toward less disrupted sleep (not significant, p=0.09).
Key summary
Purpose: To observe, under free-living conditions, how daytime dietary intake affects the following night's sleep quality. Methods: 34 young adults; 201 paired diet–sleep records analyzed with a 24-hour dietary tool and wrist actigraphy. Results: Higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and carbohydrates was associated with significantly lower sleep fragmentation, and higher fiber (p=0.08) and magnesium (p=0.09) intake showed a trend toward less disrupted sleep that was not significant. Conclusion: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and complex carbohydrates was associated with sleep, while magnesium's independent effect amounted to only a non-significant trend.
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OBJECTIVE: To examine how daytime dietary intakes influence sleep quality on the following night. METHODS: Participants were younger US adults. Diet was assessed using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool. Sleep was measured using wrist actigraphy; sleep fragmentation index was used for objective assessment. RESULTS: Thirty-four participants provided 201 paired diet-sleep data. Greater daytime intakes of fruits and vegetables and carbohydrates, but not added sugar, were associated with lower sleep fragmentation index. Trends toward associations of higher fiber (P=.08) and magnesium (P=.09) intakes with less disrupted sleep were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Higher intakes of fruits and vegetables and carbohydrates that align with a healthy diet were associated with less disrupted nighttime sleep. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 34247796 Effect of oral magnesium supplementation for relieving leg cramps during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 2021. Meta-analysis of 4 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s on pregnancy leg cramps: oral magnesium had no effect (no significant difference in either frequency or recovery).
Key summary
Purpose: To synthesize the effect of oral magnesium on leg cramps during pregnancy. Methods: A meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 4 RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (332 pregnant women). Results: Leg-cramp frequency after treatment was not reduced versus controls (WMD −0.47, p=0.167), and neither recovery (OR 0.47, p=0.207) nor side effects differed significantly. Conclusion: Oral magnesium is not effective for leg cramps during pregnancy.
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Leg cramps are one of the common symptoms during pregnancy. Several randomized controlled trial studies focused on the effects of the magnesium supplement for relieving leg cramps; however, the results were inconsistent. Five databases were searched. We summarized the weighted mean difference (WMD) for the frequency of leg cramps and the odds ratio (OR) for recovery and side effects. Four RCTs with a total of 332 pregnant women were identified. The frequency of leg cramps after treatment was not decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (WMD = -0.47, 95% CI: -1.14-0.20, P = 0.167). Magnesium supplementation cannot improve the recovery from leg cramps (OR = 0.47, P = 0.207). Oral magnesium supplementation is not effective in the treatment of leg cramps during pregnancy. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 33275278 Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020. CochraneAn international network that rigorously reviews and synthesizes evidence. review: it is unclear whether any intervention is effective for leg cramps in pregnancy; the magnesium results were also inconsistent (low certainty).
Key summary
Purpose: To assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (an update of the 2015 review). Methods: Eight small RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s (576 women) were included, with certainty rated using GRADEAn international standard for rating the certainty of evidence from high to very low.. Results: Results for leg-cramp frequency with oral magnesium versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. were contradictory and inconsistent across studies, and the effect on pain intensity was uncertain; overall certainty was low to very low. Conclusion: The evidence does not make clear which intervention is effective for leg cramps in pregnancy, and outcomes were measured and reported in highly inconsistent ways.
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BACKGROUND: Leg cramps are a common problem in pregnancy. This Cochrane Review is an update of a review first published in 2015. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of different interventions for treating leg cramps in pregnancy. MAIN RESULTS: We included eight small studies (576 women). For oral magnesium versus placebo/no treatment, the results for frequency of leg cramps were inconsistent; some findings indicated magnesium may make little to no difference. For pain intensity, results were inconsistent. Certainty of evidence was assessed as either low or very-low due to serious limitations in study design and imprecision. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: It is unclear from the evidence reviewed whether any of the interventions provide an effective treatment for leg cramps, primarily due to outcomes being measured and reported in different, incomparable ways. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 41680812 Secondary prevention of leg cramps using compression stockings or magnesium supplements: a three-arm randomized clinical trial. Trials, 2026. Three-arm RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. of leg cramps in adults aged 50–85: compression stockings were effective, while magnesium was no different from placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline..
Key summary
Purpose: To evaluate the preventive effect of compression stockings for leg cramps in adults aged 50–85 (including comparison with magnesium and placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline.). Methods: A Finnish three-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which 121 participants used compression stockings, magnesium chloride, or placebo for 4 weeks, with the change in cramp frequency at week 8 as the primary endpoint. Results: Compression stockings significantly reduced cramp frequency versus placebo (MD −1.43, p=0.001), while magnesium did not differ significantly from placebo (MD −0.20, p=0.929). Conclusion: Compression stockings were effective, but magnesium provided no benefit over placebo.
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BACKGROUND: Leg cramps are common among older adults. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of compression stockings in preventing leg cramps in individuals aged 50 to 85. METHODS: This was a three-arm, parallel-group, partially blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial in Finland. Participants were randomized to knee-high medical compression stockings, magnesium hydrochloride, or placebo pills, daily for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in leg cramp frequency at week 8. RESULTS: 121 participants were randomized. The baseline-adjusted mean difference between the compression stockings and placebo group was -1.43 (95% CI -2.36 to -0.50; P = .001). No significant difference was observed between the magnesium and placebo groups (adjusted mean difference -0.20, 95% CI -1.49 to 1.09; P = 0.929). CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, daily use of compression stockings was effective in reducing the frequency and pain intensity of leg cramps. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 41812583 The Role of Electrolytes in Muscle Pain Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Implications for Temporomandibular Disorder. Int Dent J, 2026. Electrolyte–muscle-pain meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion.: magnesium worked for pregnancy cramps (RR 1.35) but not for nocturnal or persistent leg cramps in adults.
Key summary
Purpose: To synthesize the effect of electrolyte (especially magnesium) supplementation on muscle cramps and myalgia. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysisA statistical synthesis combining results of multiple studies into one conclusion. of 13 trials (10 magnesium RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects.s), with RoB 2 risk-of-bias assessment. Results: For pregnancy-related cramps (4 trials, N≈364), magnesium significantly reduced cramps versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. (RR 1.35, p=0.02), but for nocturnal or persistent leg cramps in adults (4 trials, N≈396) there was no significant effect (MD −0.42, p=0.26), and intravenous magnesium provided no benefit in older adults. Conclusion: Magnesium benefits pregnancy cramps but has inconsistent effects in other populations.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of electrolyte supplementation (magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium) in reducing muscle cramps and myalgia. METHODS: This systematic review followed PRISMA and was registered in PROSPERO. Randomized or quasi-randomized trials of electrolyte supplementation for cramps or myalgia were eligible. RESULTS: Thirteen trials were included. Magnesium was most frequently studied (10 RCTs). In pregnancy-associated cramps (4 trials, N approximately 364), magnesium significantly reduced cramp frequency compared with placebo (pooled RR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.05-1.74, P = .02). In nocturnal or persistent leg cramps in adults (4 trials, N approximately 396), no significant effect was found (MD -0.42 cramps/week, 95% CI: -1.15 to 0.31, P = .26). Intravenous magnesium showed no benefit in older adults. CONCLUSION: Magnesium supplementation benefits pregnancy-related cramps but shows inconsistent effects in other populations. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 34719399 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study assessing the efficacy of magnesium oxide monohydrate in the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. Nutr J, 2021. RCTRandomized controlled trial - a high-reliability trial that randomly assigns participants to compare effects. of a high-absorption formulation (MOMH): significantly reduced nocturnal leg-cramp frequency and duration versus placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline. (a single specialized formulation).
Key summary
Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of magnesium oxide monohydrate (MOMH), engineered for higher cellular absorption, for nocturnal leg cramps. Methods: A Ukrainian randomized, double-blind, placeboAn inert dummy treatment used as the comparison baseline.-controlled, multicenter trial in which participants took MOMH 226 mg or placebo at bedtime for 60 days (175 completed). Results: Cramps decreased in both groups, but the reduction was significantly greater with MOMH (−3.4 vs −2.6, p=0.01), and reductions in cramp duration and improvement in sleep quality also exceeded placebo. Conclusion: MOMH was effective for nocturnal leg cramps and was safe and well tolerated (note that, unlike ordinary magnesium oxide, this is an absorption-enhanced formulation).
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BACKGROUND: Magnesium supplements are widely used for prophylaxis and treatment of nocturnal leg cramps (NLC), but there is little evidence supporting their effectiveness. In the current study we tested the efficacy and safety of magnesium oxide monohydrate (MOMH), for which increased cellular absorption rates were demonstrated. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study was conducted in Ukraine. Subjects received MOMH 226 mg or placebo once daily at bedtime for 60 days. RESULTS: 175 (81%) of 216 subjects completed the study. The number of NLC episodes significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.001). There was a significant between-group difference in the magnitude of reduction (p = 0.01), indicating a higher decrease in the MOMH group (-3.4 vs -2.6). MOMH treatment resulted in a greater reduction in NLC duration (p < 0.007) and greater improvement in sleep quality (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MOMH was shown to be effective in the treatment of NLC as well as safe and well-tolerated. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
View original ↗ PMID 11794633 Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations Magnes Res, 2001 Magnesium oxide is poorly absorbed (fractional absorptionThe proportion of an intake that the body actually absorbs. about 4%), while the chloride, lactate, and aspartate forms show higher absorption.
Key summary
In normal volunteers, four commercial magnesium preparations were given at about 21 mEq/day and bioavailabilityThe fraction of an ingested substance that actually reaches the blood and tissues to act. was measured from the rise in urinary magnesium excretion. Magnesium oxide had low fractional absorptionThe proportion of an intake that the body actually absorbs. of about 4%, while magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate were significantly higher and equivalent to one another. The study concluded that, depending on the preparation, even an inorganic salt can have bioavailability equivalent to an organic salt.
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Magnesium deficiency is seen with some frequency in the outpatient setting and requires oral repletion or maintenance therapy. The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of four commercially-available preparations of magnesium, and to test the claim that organic salts are more easily absorbed. Bioavailability was measured as the increment of urinary magnesium excretion in normal volunteers given approximately 21 mEq/day of the test preparations. Results indicated relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide (fractional absorption 4 per cent) but significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and magnesium aspartate. We conclude that there is relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide, but greater and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate. Inorganic magnesium salts, depending on the preparation, may have bioavailability equivalent to organic magnesium salts. ※ The abstract text as collected and stored via the API by the pipeline. The key summary is written based solely on this text.
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