PMID 21197150 The Use of Garcinia Extract (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Weight loss Supplement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials 메타분석 · J Obes, 2011 9개 시험 통합 - HCA가 위약유효 성분이 없는 가짜 약(플라시보). 효과 비교의 기준으로 쓴다.보다 평균 약 0.88 kg 더 감소(MD -0.88 kg). 효과는 작고 임상적 의미 불확실.
핵심요약
가르시니아 추출물(HCA)의 체중 감소 효능을 무작위 임상시험으로 종합한 체계적 문헌고찰·메타분석여러 개별 연구의 결과를 통계적으로 합쳐 하나의 종합 결론을 내는 분석.. 적격 23건 중 12건을 포함했고 9건이 통계 통합에 적합했다. HCA는 위약유효 성분이 없는 가짜 약(플라시보). 효과 비교의 기준으로 쓴다.보다 유의하게 체중을 더 낮췄으나 그 차이는 평균 약 0.88 kg으로 작았고(MD -0.88 kg, 95% CI -1.75~-0.00), 한 시험에서는 위장관 부작용이 위약의 두 배였다. 저자들은 HCA가 단기 체중 감소를 낳을 수 있으나 효과 크기가 작고 임상적 의미가 불확실하며, 향후 더 엄격하고 잘 보고된 시험이 필요하다고 결론지었다.
원문 초록 보기
The aim of this systematic review is to examine the efficacy of Garcinia extract, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as a weight reduction agent, using data from randomised clinical trials (RCTs). Electronic and nonelectronic searches were conducted to identify relevant articles, with no restrictions in language or time. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Twenty-three eligible trials were identified and twelve were included. Nine trials provided data suitable for statistical pooling. The meta-analysis revealed a small, statistically significant difference in weight loss favouring HCA over placebo (MD: -0.88 kg; 95% CI: -1.75, -0.00). Gastrointestinal adverse events were twice as common in the HCA group compared with placebo in one included study. It is concluded that the RCTs suggest that Garcinia extracts/HCA can cause short-term weight loss. The magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain. Future trials should be more rigorous and better reported. ※ 파이프라인이 API로 수집·저장한 초록 원문 그대로. 한국어 핵심요약은 이 텍스트만을 근거로 작성됩니다.
원문 보기 ↗ PMID 9820262 Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial RCT · JAMA, 1998 135명·12주 RCT - HCA 1,500 mg/일이 위약유효 성분이 없는 가짜 약(플라시보). 효과 비교의 기준으로 쓴다.보다 체중·체지방을 더 줄이지 못함(군간 차이 P=.14).
핵심요약
가르시니아(HCA)의 항비만 효과를 검증한 대표적 이중맹검 위약유효 성분이 없는 가짜 약(플라시보). 효과 비교의 기준으로 쓴다.대조 RCT(과체중 135명, 12주). 두 군 모두 고섬유·저열량 식이를 병행했다. 양쪽 다 유의하게 체중이 줄었으나 군간 감소 차이는 유의하지 않았고(HCA 3.2 kg vs 위약 4.1 kg, P=.14), 체지방 감소 비율에도 차이가 없었다. 저자들은 가르시니아가 위약을 넘어서는 체중·체지방 감소를 만들어내지 못했다고 결론지었다. HCA의 지방 합성 효소 억제 기전이 사람에서 의미 있는 감량으로 이어지지 않음을 보여 준 잘 통제된 반대 근거다.
원문 초록 보기
CONTEXT: Hydroxycitric acid, the active ingredient in the herbal compound Garcinia cambogia, competitively inhibits the extramitochondrial enzyme adenosine triphosphate-citrate (pro-3S)-lyase. As a citrate cleavage enzyme that may play an essential role in de novo lipogenesis inhibition, G cambogia is claimed to lower body weight and reduce fat mass in humans. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of G cambogia for body weight and fat mass loss in overweight human subjects. DESIGN: Twelve-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient weight control research unit. PARTICIPANTS: Overweight men and women subjects (mean body mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters], approximately 32 kg/m2). INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to receive either active herbal compound (1500 mg of hydroxycitric acid per day) or placebo, and both groups were prescribed a high-fiber, low-energy diet. The treatment period was 12 weeks. Body weight was evaluated every other week and fat mass was measured at weeks 0 and 12. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body weight change and fat mass change. RESULTS: A total of 135 subjects were randomized to either active hydroxycitric acid (n = 66) or placebo (n = 69); 42 (64%) in the active hydroxycitric acid group and 42 (61%) in the placebo group completed 12 weeks of treatment (P = .74). Patients in both groups lost a significant amount of weight during the 12-week treatment period (P<.001); however, between-group weight loss differences were not statistically significant (mean [SD], 3.2 [3.3] kg vs 4.1 [3.9] kg; P = .14). There were no significant differences in estimated percentage of body fat mass loss between treatment groups, and the fraction of subject weight loss as fat was not influenced by treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Garcinia cambogia failed to produce significant weight loss and fat mass loss beyond that observed with placebo. ※ 파이프라인이 API로 수집·저장한 초록 원문 그대로. 한국어 핵심요약은 이 텍스트만을 근거로 작성됩니다.
원문 보기 ↗ PMID 26667686 The effect of Garcinia cambogia as coadjuvant in the weight loss process 문헌고찰 · Nutr Hosp, 2015 문헌 리뷰 - 일부 연구는 체중·식욕·지질에 긍정적, 다른 연구는 무효. 적정 용량 미확립, 추가 연구 필요.
핵심요약
가르시니아 캄보지아를 체중 관리 보조 수단으로 검토한 문헌 리뷰(2007~2014년 영어·포르투갈어·스페인어 논문 정리). 일부 연구에서는 체중·식욕·체지방률·중성지방혈액 속 지방(트리글리세라이드)의 한 종류. 높으면 심혈관 위험이 커진다.·콜레스테롤·혈당·지방생성 지표에 긍정적 변화가 관찰됐지만, 다른 연구에서는 아무 효과가 없었다고 정리했다. 저자들은 적정 용량이 아직 잘 확립되지 않았고 효능을 확정하려면 추가 연구가 필요하다고 결론지었다. 부수 효과의 방향이 엇갈린다는 점을 보여 주는 요약 근거로 참고한다.
원문 초록 보기
INTRODUCTION: due to the significant increase in the obesity rate in recent years, public health has been facing in many countries of the world, one of the major problems caused by this disease. Because of this, natural products arise, herbal, to assist in the treatment of obesity due to their safer effects. Among these, stands out the extract obtained from dried fruits of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), which has been studied and used as a natural supplement for weight loss. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the GC administration as a coadjuvant factor in the treatment of obesity regarding to its effectiveness, way of action, recommended daily amount, side effects and contraindications, as a way of food and nutritional security for the population. METHODOLOGY: literature review. There were consulted the database of LILACS-BIREME data, SciELO and MEDLINE and there were selected scientific articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, between the period of 2007 and 2014 that conducted studies involving the administration of the GC as a way of treatment for obesity. The descriptors used for research articles in the databases were the following: Garcinia Cambogia in Portuguese, and in English the terms used were "Garcinia Cambogia", "weight loss and obesity", and "Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA)"; this last one is not a descriptor indexed in Decs, but given the importance of this term for the search, it was adopted as a keyword. Thirty-four articles were identified, but only 21 were related to the objectives of this study. The first analysis of the articles was conducted by the title and then by the summary. In addition, 17 references were included because of their relevance to the study. RESULTS: in some analyzed works, there was observed that the GC showed positive effects on weight loss process, appetite reduction, body fat percentage, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose levels, lipogenesis process, while others had no effect. CONCLUSION: studies suggest positive results about the effectiveness of the GC on the weight loss process. However, the ideal dosage has not been well established yet. There is little evidence of adverse effects and signs of protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Therefore, it becomes necessary to carry out further studies to confirm the efficacy of this phytotherapy in the weight loss process. ※ 파이프라인이 API로 수집·저장한 초록 원문 그대로. 한국어 핵심요약은 이 텍스트만을 근거로 작성됩니다.
원문 보기 ↗ PMID 34400337 Garcinia cambogia, Either Alone or in Combination With Green Tea, Causes Moderate to Severe Liver Injury 관찰연구(DILIN) · Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022 DILIN 22건 - 가르시니아 간손상은 황달 동반 간세포형, 91% 입원, 1명 사망·1명 간이식. HLA-B*35:01 연관.
핵심요약
미국 약물유발간손상네트워크(DILIN)가 2004~2018년 등록 환자 1,418명 중 가르시니아 관련 고신뢰 간손상 22건(단독 5건, 녹차 병용 16건, 아슈와간다 병용 1건)을 분석한 관찰연구. 손상은 발병까지 중앙값 51일, 황달 동반 간세포형이었고 91%가 입원, 1명 사망, 1명 간이식을 받았다. 아미노전이효소 최고치가 대조군보다 높았고, HLA-B*35:01 대립유전자 보유율이 가르시니아 함유 보충제군에서 유의하게 높아 면역 매개 기전이 시사됐다. 가르시니아 간손상 위험을 뒷받침하는 핵심 근거다.
원문 초록 보기
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Garcinia cambogia, either alone or with green tea, is commonly promoted for weight loss. Sporadic cases of liver failure from G cambogia have been reported, but its role in liver injury is controversial. METHODS: Among 1418 patients enrolled in the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) from 2004 to 2018, we identified 22 cases (adjudicated with high confidence) of liver injury from G cambogia either alone (n = 5) or in combination with green tea (n = 16) or Ashwagandha (n = 1). Control groups consisted of 57 patients with liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) containing green tea without G cambogia and 103 patients from other HDS. RESULTS: Patients who took G cambogia were between 17 and 54 years, with liver injury arising 13-223 days (median = 51) after the start. One patient died, one required liver transplantation, and 91% were hospitalized. The liver injury was hepatocellular with jaundice. Although the peak values of aminotransferases were significantly higher (2001 ± 1386 U/L) in G cambogia group (P < .018), the median time for improvement in total bilirubin was significantly lower compared with the control groups (10 vs 17 and 13 days; P = .03). The presence of HLA-B∗35:01 allele was significantly higher in the G cambogia containing HDS (55%) compared with patients because of other HDS (19%) (P = .002) and those with acute liver injury from conventional drugs (12%) (P = 2.55 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS: The liver injury caused by G cambogia and green tea is clinically indistinguishable. The possible association with HLA-B∗35:01 allele suggests an immune-mediated mechanism of injury. ※ 파이프라인이 API로 수집·저장한 초록 원문 그대로. 한국어 핵심요약은 이 텍스트만을 근거로 작성됩니다.
원문 보기 ↗ PMID 34307603 Herb-induced liver injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis 체계적 문헌고찰 · World J Clin Cases, 2021 936건 종합 - 가르시니아가 가장 흔히 보고되는 허브유발간손상 원인 중 하나. 대개 회복하나 사망 10.4%.
핵심요약
허브유발간손상(HILI)의 원인 제품과 손상 유형을 정리한 체계적 문헌고찰·메타분석여러 개별 연구의 결과를 통계적으로 합쳐 하나의 종합 결론을 내는 분석.. 446편에서 936건을 모으고 79종의 허브·허브 복합물을 확인했으며, 가르시니아 캄보지아를 녹차 추출물·카바카바·크라톰 등과 함께 가장 흔히 보고되는 원인 보충제로 꼽았다. 대부분(82.8%)은 원인 제품 중단 후 완전 회복했으나 6.6%가 간이식을 받았고, 만성 간질환 1.5%, 사망 10.4%가 관찰됐다. 저자들은 허브 제품의 무분별한 사용 위험에 대한 인식 제고가 중요하다고 결론지었다.
원문 초록 보기
BACKGROUND: The use of herbal supplements and alternative medicines has been increasing in the last decades. Despite popular belief that the consumption of natural products is harmless, herbs might cause injury to various organs, particularly to the liver, which is responsible for their metabolism in the form of herb-induced liver injury (HILI). AIM: To identify herbal products associated with HILI and describe the type of lesion associated with each product. METHODS: Studies were retrieved using Medical Subject Headings Descriptors combined with Boolean operators. Searches were run on the electronic databases Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, BIREME, LILACS, Cochrane Library for Systematic Reviews, SciELO, Embase, and Opengray.eu. Languages were restricted to English, Spanish, and Portuguese. There was no date of publication restrictions. The reference lists of the studies retrieved were searched manually. To access causality, the Maria and Victorino System of Causality Assessment in Drug Induced Liver Injury was used. Simple descriptive analysis were used to summarize the results. RESULTS: The search strategy retrieved 5918 references. In the final analysis, 446 references were included, with a total of 936 cases reported. We found 79 types of herbs or herbal compounds related to HILI. He-Shou-Wu, Green tea extract, Herbalife, kava kava, Greater celandine, multiple herbs, germander, hydroxycut, skullcap, kratom, Gynura segetum, garcinia cambogia, ma huang, chaparral, senna, and aloe vera were the most common supplements with HILI reported. Most of these patients had complete clinical recovery (82.8%). However, liver transplantation was necessary for 6.6% of these cases. Also, chronic liver disease and death were observed in 1.5% and 10.4% of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: HILI is normally associated with a good prognosis, once the implied product is withdrawn. Nevertheless, it is paramount to raise awareness in the medical and non-medical community of the risks of the indiscriminate use of herbal products. ※ 파이프라인이 API로 수집·저장한 초록 원문 그대로. 한국어 핵심요약은 이 텍스트만을 근거로 작성됩니다.
원문 보기 ↗ PMID 31772720 Hepatotoxicity associated with Garcinia cambogia: A case report 증례 보고 · World J Hepatol, 2019 증례 - 21세 여성이 가르시니아 4주 복용 후 급성 간부전. 다른 원인은 배제됨.
핵심요약
가르시니아 캄보지아 복용과 급성 간부전의 연관을 보여 준 증례 보고. 21세 고도비만 여성이 복통·구역·구토·식욕부진·근육통으로 내원했고, 음주·흡연·약물·호르몬 피임·에너지드링크 사용은 없었다. 검사에서 급성 간부전이 확인됐고 다른 원인은 배제됐으며, 4주간 체중 감량 목적으로 '가르시니아 캄보지아'를 복용한 이력이 확인됐다. 저자들은 급성 간부전이 의심되면 허브 보충제 복용력을 반드시 확인하고 조기에 중단해야 한다고 강조했다. 드물지만 중증 간 손상 신호를 뒷받침하는 개별 사례다.
원문 초록 보기
BACKGROUND: Herbal supplements (HS) for weight loss are perceived to be "safe" and "natural", as advertised in ads, however, hepatotoxicity can be associated with consumption of some HS. Use of HS may be missed, as the patient may not report these unless specifically asked about these products, since they are often not thought of as medications with potential side effects or interaction potential. CASE SUMMARY: We reported a case of a 21-year-old female with morbid obesity who presented with abdominal pain for 1 wk associated with nausea, vomiting, anorexia and myalgias. She denied smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, usage of illicit drugs, hormonal contraceptives, or energy drinks. There was no significant past medical or family illnesses. Her laboratory workup revealed acute liver failure. The workup for possible etiologies of acute liver failure was unremarkable. She was using a weight loss herbal supplement "Garcinia cambogia" for 4 wks. This case demonstrates the association of acute liver failure with Garcinia cambogia. CONCLUSION: Medical reconciliation of HS should be performed in patients with suspected acute liver failure and early discontinuation of HS can prevent further progression of drug induced hepatoxicity. ※ 파이프라인이 API로 수집·저장한 초록 원문 그대로. 한국어 핵심요약은 이 텍스트만을 근거로 작성됩니다.
원문 보기 ↗ PMID 39136211 Challenges in herbal-induced liver injury identification and prevention 전문가 검토(리뷰) · Liver Int, 2025 리뷰 - 허브·식이 보충제 간손상이 DILIN에서 20%로 증가. 가르시니아가 주요 원인 성분 중 하나.
핵심요약
허브·식이 보충제(HDS)로 인한 간손상(HILI)의 식별·예방 과제를 다룬 전문가 검토. 지난 30년간 DILIN에서 HDS 간손상이 크게 늘어 현재 약물유발간손상의 20%를 차지한다고 정리했다. 주요 원인 성분으로 아나볼릭 스테로이드, 녹차 추출물, 가르시니아 캄보지아, 크라톰, 아슈와간다, 강황커큐민이 든 향신료(울금 뿌리). 커큐민은 강황 무게의 약 2~5%. 등을 꼽았다. 성분 확인의 어려움, 치료법 부재, HDS 제품에 대한 규제 감독 부족이 식별·예방을 어렵게 한다고 지적했다. 가르시니아가 반복적으로 지목되는 간손상 원인임을 뒷받침하는 근거다.
원문 초록 보기
Herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) are being used worldwide at an increasing rate. Mirroring this trend, HDS-induced liver injury, also known as HDS-induced liver injury (HILI), has increased significantly over the past three decades in the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), now accounting for 20% of cases of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). There are significant challenges in the identification and prevention of HILI due to varying presentations, ability to make clear diagnosis, identification of the responsible ingredient, lack of treatment, and lack of regulatory oversight of HDS products to confirm their ingredients and ensure safety. The major implicated agents include anabolic steroids, green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, kratom, ashwagandha, turmeric and multi-ingredient nutritional supplements. Fortunately, with the formation of major DILI consortiums across the world, the last decade has seen advances in the identification of at-risk genetic phenotypes, the use of chemical analysis on multi-ingredient nutritional supplements, and the publication of data/injury patterns of potentially risky HDS. ※ 파이프라인이 API로 수집·저장한 초록 원문 그대로. 한국어 핵심요약은 이 텍스트만을 근거로 작성됩니다.
원문 보기 ↗ 